During the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, two diverse constitutional revolutions occurred in the Middle East. Constitutionalism refers to parliamentary representation, constitutional government reform, and a method to challenge the absolute power of the monarch. This also includes the separation of powers or check and balances. The insurgency in the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran possessed various similarities and differences. Despite their questionable success, two constitutional revolutions altered the political sphere in the Middle East.
Several aspects caused the constitutional revolution in the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran. One external cause is the global economic crisis, which affected both the Ottoman Empire …show more content…
The Babism movement prompted their participation in prospective revolts. Their participation in upheaval prompted a deliberate attitude for the cause. Bayat–Phillip indicates women initially “continued to assume a supporting role to their male leaders.” One could argue their participation involved approval and encouragement rather than protesting the cause. Upper class women created parties and tended to support their male counterpart. Their prominent participation in the revolution includes the right to education. Women defended their right to education by publicly speaking about their political thoughts. However, the male population reacted with hostility toward this concept of education for women. Despite their failed attempt to obtain rights, women participating in the nationalist movement displayed success. Furthermore, women resorted to physical and threatening methods to convey their discontent with the government. According to Bayat–Phillip, “Persian mothers, wives and daughters exhibited threateningly their revolvers, tore aside their veils, and confessed their decision to kill.” Political parties created by women do not necessarily represent larger communities within Qajar Iran. As previously stated, upper class women participated in the constitutional movement. Insurgency in the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran produced several …show more content…
Their objective is to reduce authority and create a secularized government. For Qajar Iran, the administration created additional political positions for the ulama. According to Abrahamian, “the electorate was divided into six estates: the princes, the Qajar tribe, the aristocracy, the ulama, landowners, merchants, and the guild.” Additionally, women received a dreadful result in regards to education. The male population demonstrated hostility toward the women. Disenfranchised groups also encountered a problematic situation. Constitutionalists disregarded the lower class and their obligation to the revolution. Consequently, “military leaders ruled the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I” and the Russians removed the administration in Iran. Even though the uprisings constructed unfavorable consequences, constitutionalism during this period is
Several aspects caused the constitutional revolution in the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran. One external cause is the global economic crisis, which affected both the Ottoman Empire …show more content…
The Babism movement prompted their participation in prospective revolts. Their participation in upheaval prompted a deliberate attitude for the cause. Bayat–Phillip indicates women initially “continued to assume a supporting role to their male leaders.” One could argue their participation involved approval and encouragement rather than protesting the cause. Upper class women created parties and tended to support their male counterpart. Their prominent participation in the revolution includes the right to education. Women defended their right to education by publicly speaking about their political thoughts. However, the male population reacted with hostility toward this concept of education for women. Despite their failed attempt to obtain rights, women participating in the nationalist movement displayed success. Furthermore, women resorted to physical and threatening methods to convey their discontent with the government. According to Bayat–Phillip, “Persian mothers, wives and daughters exhibited threateningly their revolvers, tore aside their veils, and confessed their decision to kill.” Political parties created by women do not necessarily represent larger communities within Qajar Iran. As previously stated, upper class women participated in the constitutional movement. Insurgency in the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran produced several …show more content…
Their objective is to reduce authority and create a secularized government. For Qajar Iran, the administration created additional political positions for the ulama. According to Abrahamian, “the electorate was divided into six estates: the princes, the Qajar tribe, the aristocracy, the ulama, landowners, merchants, and the guild.” Additionally, women received a dreadful result in regards to education. The male population demonstrated hostility toward the women. Disenfranchised groups also encountered a problematic situation. Constitutionalists disregarded the lower class and their obligation to the revolution. Consequently, “military leaders ruled the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I” and the Russians removed the administration in Iran. Even though the uprisings constructed unfavorable consequences, constitutionalism during this period is