Antecedents of frailty According to Walker & Avant (2005), antecedents of a concept are events which have to take place before a concept occurs. From the literature reviewed, the antecedents of frail older adults include cellular and molecular changes, individualization and cumulative factors, system dysregulations and system impairments as described below:
Cellular and Molecular Changes: at this level accumulating cellular and molecular destruction becomes decisive, because the processes of cumulative oxidative damage form the reasonable pathways resulting in frailty (Aunan, Watson, Hagland, & Soreide, 2016; Clegg et al., 2013; Zaslavsky et al., 2013). In addition, current research has proposed that the hallmarks of cellular damage are genomic …show more content…
With reference to the musculoskeletal impairment because of multiple system dysregulations, sarcopenia (loss of musculoskeletal mass, function) is the primary clinical presentation forming the key components of frailty. Also, chronic inflammation together with biological and physiological factors are usually keys which are related to age-related declination, like neuro-cardiovascular alteration, cognitive deterioration and sarcopenia (musculoskeletal degeneration) (Chen et al., 2014; Tocchi, 2015). Neurocognitive impairments are caused by the imbalanced coordination of brain together with multiple dysregulations. Evidence has shown that cognitive impairment, mood disturbance and sensory loss lead to poor health outcomes in frail older adults (Arts et al., 2015; Aubertin-Leheudre, Woods, Anton, Cohen, & Pahor, 2015; Guyonnet, Secher, & Vellas, …show more content…
Evidence has shown that environment hazards such as inconvenient transportation, inappropriate infrastructure and crime rate etcetera, are the most common causes of fall and injury that result in severe outcomes like functional limitations and decrease in physical activities that lead to frail older adults (Clarke & Gallagher, 2013; Greenfield, 2012; Kim & Clarke, 2015; Rantakokko et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2015). On the other hand, physical function restrictions cause the older adults to be at risk of falling. It is worth noting that the causes of fall in frail elderly are intricate and interfere with the interrelationship existing between environmental and individual contexts (Coelho, Paul, Gobbens, & Fernandes, 2015; Kojima, 2015b; Makizako, Shimada, Doi, Tsutsumimoto, & Suzuki, 2015; Pamoukdjian et al., 2015; Papiol et al.,
Cellular and Molecular Changes: at this level accumulating cellular and molecular destruction becomes decisive, because the processes of cumulative oxidative damage form the reasonable pathways resulting in frailty (Aunan, Watson, Hagland, & Soreide, 2016; Clegg et al., 2013; Zaslavsky et al., 2013). In addition, current research has proposed that the hallmarks of cellular damage are genomic …show more content…
With reference to the musculoskeletal impairment because of multiple system dysregulations, sarcopenia (loss of musculoskeletal mass, function) is the primary clinical presentation forming the key components of frailty. Also, chronic inflammation together with biological and physiological factors are usually keys which are related to age-related declination, like neuro-cardiovascular alteration, cognitive deterioration and sarcopenia (musculoskeletal degeneration) (Chen et al., 2014; Tocchi, 2015). Neurocognitive impairments are caused by the imbalanced coordination of brain together with multiple dysregulations. Evidence has shown that cognitive impairment, mood disturbance and sensory loss lead to poor health outcomes in frail older adults (Arts et al., 2015; Aubertin-Leheudre, Woods, Anton, Cohen, & Pahor, 2015; Guyonnet, Secher, & Vellas, …show more content…
Evidence has shown that environment hazards such as inconvenient transportation, inappropriate infrastructure and crime rate etcetera, are the most common causes of fall and injury that result in severe outcomes like functional limitations and decrease in physical activities that lead to frail older adults (Clarke & Gallagher, 2013; Greenfield, 2012; Kim & Clarke, 2015; Rantakokko et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2015). On the other hand, physical function restrictions cause the older adults to be at risk of falling. It is worth noting that the causes of fall in frail elderly are intricate and interfere with the interrelationship existing between environmental and individual contexts (Coelho, Paul, Gobbens, & Fernandes, 2015; Kojima, 2015b; Makizako, Shimada, Doi, Tsutsumimoto, & Suzuki, 2015; Pamoukdjian et al., 2015; Papiol et al.,