Public discussion of the social implications of social media in some ways reinforces earlier debates on the supposed bullying nature in the internet. The growing concerns about public participation (or lack thereof) in online activism is often perceived as banal, superficial and failing to transform or renew democratic institutions (see, for example, Morozov 2009; Shulman 2009; Gladwell 2010). Along with this sceptical view, terms such as slacktivism (lazy activism), clicktivism (click activism), armchair activism and keyboard activism emerged to question the worthiness of digital activism, often deeming it subordinate to “real” (physical) activism. Other studies focused on emerging new technologies, particularly the internet and social media,
