Only those patients clinically diagnosed with nonspecific cLBP with a duration of at least six months by a clinical evaluation, including the use of X-ray/MRI reports and meeting Quebec Low Back Pain Task Force classification criteria for Classes I or II were enrolled35. Subjects were excluded if they reported major systemic diseases, psychiatric conditions, or any mental implanted in the body. Demographics, clinical assessments and characteristics for cLBP patients and HCs are presented in Table 1. Healthy controls, matched on gender and age, were recruited through the flyers/emails in the community.
