Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

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Early identification by risk factors:
1- Nonmodifiable risk factors include the following:
• History of fracture
• History of fracture in a first-degree relative
• White race
• Advanced age
• Female sex
• Dementia
• Poor health or fragility
2- Potentially modifiable risk factors include the following:
• Current cigarette smoking
• Low body weight (< 60 kg)
• Estrogen deficiency status, such as early menopause (age < 45 years) or bilateral ovariectomy and prolonged premenopausal amenorrhea (>1 year)
• Low calcium intake
• Alcoholism
• Recurrent falls
• Inadequate physical activity

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