The Hundred Years’ War had countless negative effects on both France and England, and these effects would be felt both during the war and after the conflict had ended. The Hundred Years’ War caused the death of countless peoples, the destruction of massive portions of French land, massive damage to both the French and English economies, and the creation of a large and long-lasting rift and rivalry between these two nations. The casualties were felt by both the French and the English, and author Matthew White estimates the death toll as over three million people. However, not only soldiers fighting in the war lost their lives; countless civilians, including farmers and merchants, lost their lives, greatly weakening the backbone of both societies,
