Bio 202 - Unit #3 Case Studies: 1- Blood, Heart, and Vessels 1)WHy are lymph nodes enlarged (adenopathy)? How does this fit with his CBC test? J.T’s lymph nodes are enlarged due to a high count of white blood cell count . Jt has a high white blood cell count because his body is trying to fight off an infection. 2)…
Why is this happening to my child and what an we do to fix it? General Presentation Neutropenia is an abnormally low level of neutrophils. Neutrophils are a common…
Rituximab, a chimeric human and murine monoclonal antibody, targets the CD20 antigen expressed on pre-B cells and mature B-lymphocytes [55]. The antibody was originally developed for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma [56]. Recently, it has been administered for treating different autoimmune disease. As rituximab is an IgG1 subclass antibody, it crosses the placenta, interfering with fetal and neonatal B cell development and could lead to immune deficiency and raise susceptibility to infections in the neonate [57].…
Etanercept is taken for varying forms of arthritis. It is a TNF blocker, and works by blocking protein (TNF-alpha) that causes inflammation. However, its side effects include the weakening of the immune system, which can cause autoimmune diseases. Adalimumab treats various inflammatory conditions including, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, etc.…
surgeon can make a larger cut. Sometimes doctors can use special techniques that require smaller cuts for these biopsies. Once the lymph node is removed, a doctor will check to see if it has one of the types of tissue that is associated with Castleman’s disease, hyaline-vascular or plasma cell (Castleman's Disease). Affected Population Castleman’s disease is a rare disorder that can affect the male and female population equally.…
For the purpose of this discussion topic paper, I reviewed the article Rituximab as a treatment for severe atopic eczema: failure to improve in three consecutive patients. The article discussed the study of three consecutive patients with severe atopic eczema (red, itchy skin) that they treated with rituximab infusions, but the infusions failed to improve the condition. The article also mentions three other case studies that varied in results. Considering the small sample used in the main study of this article and the contradicting findings of other sited studies, I do not find that the main study, alone, is an adequate one to draw any type of final conclusion about whether or not rituximab is a successful method of treatment for severe atopic eczema.…
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system in the body attack myelin sheath. This attacked wil lead to disruption of communication between brain and other parts of the body that will cause the nerve impulse to be transmitted slower and less efficient compared to normal transmission. Myelin sheath has a very sensitive structure which susceptible to injuries such as hypoxemia, toxic chemical, muscular insufficient and autoimmune response. The sheath becomes inflamed and the membrane layers break down into smaller patches of scar tissue called plaques. This process is called demyelination.…
Infliximab is an example of a drug that is used to treat CD by targeting a proinflammatory cytokine called tumour necrosis factor-α (Colombel, 2010). Mechanism of action of Infliximab Tumour necrosis factor-α is a type II transmembrane protein that is released by active T…
When the myelin sheath does not grow or function properly, it leads to nervous system damage. What the disorder affects (cells, organs, systems, populations?): This disorder is a genetic degenerative disorder that affects the central and peripheral nervous systems. The symptoms include irritability, unexplained fever, limb stiffness, seizures, feeding difficulties, vomiting, and slowing of mental and motor development. Additional symptoms include muscle weakness, spasticity, deafness, and blindness.…
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that impacts the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). MS impacts the brain and spinal cord because the myelin sheath, which protects nerve fibers, is attacked by the immune system. Nerve fibers over time deteriorate or they become severely damages to the point where it is not reversible. The cause of this disease is not yet known but is classified as an autoimmune disease. It is said that a mix between genetics and environmental factors could be responsible cause of multiple sclerosis.…
TN, a 67 year-old male, was diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma in December 2015 after being admitted to Frye Regional Medical Center (FRMC) with a left iliac wing fracture related to metastatic cancer earlier that month. The primary location of the cancer was determined to be the distal esophagus after an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and cell biopsy was completed. He then presented to FRMC in January 2016 with post-prandial nausea, vomiting, and anorexia related to chemotherapy treatments. Although his past medical history was negative for other forms of cancer or nutritional-related diseases, his risk of developing the condition was high given his age, gender, and long history of smoking tobacco products. Nutrition Services was consulted to determine the need for nutrition intervention, particularly offering nutritional supplementation, as well as providing education related to appetite stimulation and increasing oral intake during chemotherapy treatments.…
MS is a disease that damages the myelin sheath the covers neurons affecting the overall communication of the nervous system. Since similar damage occurs in leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids it easy to understand why symptoms might mimic those of MS. The disruption of communication between the nervous system consequently result in the scarcity of cognition, sensation, and motor movement. Some of these symptoms include blurred or double vision, muscle spasms, difficulty walking, or swallowing, changes in mood, depression, fatigue, vertigo or dizziness, headaches, problems with speech and breathing, tremor headache and hearing loss. The challenge with this disease is most of the symptoms correlate with several different types of disease.…
million people worldwide have some form of Lupus. Lupus is an inflammatory disease caused when the immune system attacks its own tissues. This disease is three times more prevalent among people of color and 90% of those people are women. In over half of all Lupus cases a major organ will be affected such as the kidney and brain. In the kidney, nephrons are structures that filter the blood.…
MS translates to multiple scars which are caused from the demyelinating disease of the CNS (2). The myelin that surround the axon of neurons are a protective layer called a sheath. The sheath is responsible for…
Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable and disabling disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The Multiple Sclerosis Foundation estimates that more than 400,000 people in the United States and about 2.5 million people around the world suffer from Multiple Sclerosis (“Definition of MS,” n.d.). According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the exact antigen whic targets the immune cells to attack remains unknown to this day. Damage to the myelin coating around the nerve fibers in the Central Nervous System and to the nerve fibers themselves interferes with the transmission of nerve signals between the brain, spinal cord and the rest of the body.…