Mixed contamination of PAHs and metals occur ubiquitously in the environment, but their combined toxicity to humans and other organisms are not fully addressed. The data from epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies indicated the nature of interaction between PAHs and metals varies from synergism to additivity or antagonism. In this chapter, the combined toxicity of PAHs and metals on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic endpoints, and possible mechanism of actions were discussed. In addition, the individual toxicity of PAHs and metals, their co-exposure in the environment, use of various bioassays and prediction model to study the mixture toxicity were also reviewed.
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. Human health and environment
Environment plays a major role in human health and well-being. Human exposure to …show more content…
These models provide accurate prediction of mixture toxicity for chemicals with same or independent mode of action, independently. These models are considered appropriate for describing the mixture effects observed in experiments and to predict and extrapolate the data for risk assessment. But in the real environment, mixtures contain chemicals with same and different mode of action. The components may interact at various levels, including at exposure, during uptake, distribution, metabolism, and chemical-biological receptor interactions and biological interactions and these interactions were not predicted by using the available models. The CI- method could be useful to define the mixture toxicity of chemicals without the prior knowledge of mode of action of chemicals. The limitations of the CI method are highly sensitive to small changes in effect measurement at low and high concentrations and lack of statistical evaluation of synergy, additivity or antagonism (Zhao et al. 2010). Overall, the available models did not satisfactorily address the interactions between the
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. Human health and environment
Environment plays a major role in human health and well-being. Human exposure to …show more content…
These models provide accurate prediction of mixture toxicity for chemicals with same or independent mode of action, independently. These models are considered appropriate for describing the mixture effects observed in experiments and to predict and extrapolate the data for risk assessment. But in the real environment, mixtures contain chemicals with same and different mode of action. The components may interact at various levels, including at exposure, during uptake, distribution, metabolism, and chemical-biological receptor interactions and biological interactions and these interactions were not predicted by using the available models. The CI- method could be useful to define the mixture toxicity of chemicals without the prior knowledge of mode of action of chemicals. The limitations of the CI method are highly sensitive to small changes in effect measurement at low and high concentrations and lack of statistical evaluation of synergy, additivity or antagonism (Zhao et al. 2010). Overall, the available models did not satisfactorily address the interactions between the