Filtration of urine using Millipore filters (Dazo and Biles, 1974), Nucleopore filters, Nytrel filters or filter papers is the typical method for detecting excreted Schistosoma haematobium eggs (Peters et al., 1976).
II) Immunological diagnosis:
These methods are sensitive and specific, and useful in confirming the diagnosis (Bergquist, 1990). These tests are all time consuming and require a laboratory well equipped with proper instruments and trained persons (Xiang et al., 2003).
Detection of circulating Antigens for Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis:
Van Dam et al. (2004), developed reagent strip for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. It was based on parasite antigen detection in urine of infected people. The test used the monoclonal antibody specific for Schistosoma circulating cathodic antigen (CCA). It is highly sensitive and revealed an association with intensity of infection by measuring both the egg counts and circulating anodic antigen, (CAA) and (CCA) levels which is determined by ELISA. This method is easy to perform, requires no technical equipment or special training. The best diagnostic method is using urine CCA test followed by determination of serum CAA (Deelder et al., 1994). Quantification of CAA and CCA in serum and urine has shown to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of active schistosome species infection especially in the endemic areas (Van Lieshout et al., 1992). Levels of these circulating antigens are associated with the intensity of infection and its rapid clearance after successful chemotherapy has been confirmed (Van Lieshout et al., 1995). Antibody Detection: Schistosomal infections are highly immunogenic (Maddison, 1987). Antibody detection tests may provide the most sensitive indication for the presence of schistosomal infection (McLaren et al., 1981). Some immunodiagnostic techniques were developed to differentiate acute from chronic infections, it is based on detection of IgA and IgM against soluble antigens of an adult worm or parasite eggs (Rabello et al., 1993). Viana et al. (2001) studied the avidity of IgA, 1gM and IgG subclass antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA). EL-Zayyat et al. (1998) reported that IgG4 anti-SEA is the best diagnostic test as it gave the best diagnostic efficacy 90%. It is a good screening test which can be used in endemic areas as it gives a significant difference between active intestinal schistosomiasis. A) Dot-ELISA: Boctor et al. (1987) used dot-ELISA to detect antibodies for Schistosoma mansoni infection. Jantischke et al. (1987) used dot-ELISA for the detection …show more content…
It can be differentiating current from past infection and can be used for detection of viable organisms after chemotherapy (Stoker, 1990). It can be used to study parasitic drug resistance, as well as to evaluate the effect of new drugs and re-evaluate old ones (Stoker, 1990).
III) Indirect methods for schistosomiasis diagnosis:-
Rectal snips can be done to obtain a rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis or if screening tests have been inconclusive, by taking several small samples of rectal (not anal) mucosa using a curette and a proctoscope. Both S.mansoni and S. haematobium eggs can be identified (Blanchard, 2004).
Treatment
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis; it is most effective against adult worm of all Schistosomiasis species. For travelers, the therapy should be at least 6-8 weeks after last contact to the contaminated fresh water. There is an evidence of parasitic resistance to praziquantel has been reported with low cure rates in recently exposed or heavily infected populations (Doenhoff et al.,
II) Immunological diagnosis:
These methods are sensitive and specific, and useful in confirming the diagnosis (Bergquist, 1990). These tests are all time consuming and require a laboratory well equipped with proper instruments and trained persons (Xiang et al., 2003).
Detection of circulating Antigens for Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis:
Van Dam et al. (2004), developed reagent strip for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. It was based on parasite antigen detection in urine of infected people. The test used the monoclonal antibody specific for Schistosoma circulating cathodic antigen (CCA). It is highly sensitive and revealed an association with intensity of infection by measuring both the egg counts and circulating anodic antigen, (CAA) and (CCA) levels which is determined by ELISA. This method is easy to perform, requires no technical equipment or special training. The best diagnostic method is using urine CCA test followed by determination of serum CAA (Deelder et al., 1994). Quantification of CAA and CCA in serum and urine has shown to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of active schistosome species infection especially in the endemic areas (Van Lieshout et al., 1992). Levels of these circulating antigens are associated with the intensity of infection and its rapid clearance after successful chemotherapy has been confirmed (Van Lieshout et al., 1995). Antibody Detection: Schistosomal infections are highly immunogenic (Maddison, 1987). Antibody detection tests may provide the most sensitive indication for the presence of schistosomal infection (McLaren et al., 1981). Some immunodiagnostic techniques were developed to differentiate acute from chronic infections, it is based on detection of IgA and IgM against soluble antigens of an adult worm or parasite eggs (Rabello et al., 1993). Viana et al. (2001) studied the avidity of IgA, 1gM and IgG subclass antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA). EL-Zayyat et al. (1998) reported that IgG4 anti-SEA is the best diagnostic test as it gave the best diagnostic efficacy 90%. It is a good screening test which can be used in endemic areas as it gives a significant difference between active intestinal schistosomiasis. A) Dot-ELISA: Boctor et al. (1987) used dot-ELISA to detect antibodies for Schistosoma mansoni infection. Jantischke et al. (1987) used dot-ELISA for the detection …show more content…
It can be differentiating current from past infection and can be used for detection of viable organisms after chemotherapy (Stoker, 1990). It can be used to study parasitic drug resistance, as well as to evaluate the effect of new drugs and re-evaluate old ones (Stoker, 1990).
III) Indirect methods for schistosomiasis diagnosis:-
Rectal snips can be done to obtain a rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis or if screening tests have been inconclusive, by taking several small samples of rectal (not anal) mucosa using a curette and a proctoscope. Both S.mansoni and S. haematobium eggs can be identified (Blanchard, 2004).
Treatment
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis; it is most effective against adult worm of all Schistosomiasis species. For travelers, the therapy should be at least 6-8 weeks after last contact to the contaminated fresh water. There is an evidence of parasitic resistance to praziquantel has been reported with low cure rates in recently exposed or heavily infected populations (Doenhoff et al.,