At the end of the last ice age, animals and people gathered around the great river valleys, like Egypt and Mesopotamia. When the number of animals decreased, agriculture began. Herodotus remarked that Egypt is the gift of the Nile which provided annual floods water and the alluvial deposits. The groups of farmers, villages and clans, near the Nile, were united around higher authorities. According to Ponting, This was the first step for incorporation to civilization which was followed by growth, stability, and crisis respectively. The main reason for the crisis was overpopulation because productivity level of the soil was fixed, it could not be increased by technology and capital. The only way to provide the population was taking land from others.
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It was the target of far greater number invasion because of its approachableness. For a long time, it was never controlled by one state, the city states arose. Rise and fall of the leading cities kept overlapping in the same territories again and again. Before 550 BCE, the tribal confederations in Iran became a primitive state, Median Empire. In 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great founded Achaemenid Empire. This empire, for the first time, unified big areas between 550 BCE and 330 BCE. Also, it was the first empire to adopt a conscious policy of tolerance, not an oppressive empire as long as you did not revolt. In 336 BCE, Alexander the Great came to power in the Macedonian Empire. First, he suppressed the revolt of the Greek city states and unified Greece and Macedonia. Then, he continued to his conquests to eastward. He took the control the control of Egypt, Mesopotamia but after his death, the unity of land fell down. In less than a century, the Rome tried to expand its land through the Carthigian territories. This caused the series of wars called Punic Wars lasted from 264 BCE to 146 BCE. In 146 BCE, The Rome conquered the Carthage Empire and became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. In 100 BCE, the Republican Rome controlled south east and north east of Spain, South France, Italy, Sicily, Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, Eastern Anatolia, and Cilicia. Between 58 and 50 BCE, Ceaser organized a
It was the target of far greater number invasion because of its approachableness. For a long time, it was never controlled by one state, the city states arose. Rise and fall of the leading cities kept overlapping in the same territories again and again. Before 550 BCE, the tribal confederations in Iran became a primitive state, Median Empire. In 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great founded Achaemenid Empire. This empire, for the first time, unified big areas between 550 BCE and 330 BCE. Also, it was the first empire to adopt a conscious policy of tolerance, not an oppressive empire as long as you did not revolt. In 336 BCE, Alexander the Great came to power in the Macedonian Empire. First, he suppressed the revolt of the Greek city states and unified Greece and Macedonia. Then, he continued to his conquests to eastward. He took the control the control of Egypt, Mesopotamia but after his death, the unity of land fell down. In less than a century, the Rome tried to expand its land through the Carthigian territories. This caused the series of wars called Punic Wars lasted from 264 BCE to 146 BCE. In 146 BCE, The Rome conquered the Carthage Empire and became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. In 100 BCE, the Republican Rome controlled south east and north east of Spain, South France, Italy, Sicily, Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, Eastern Anatolia, and Cilicia. Between 58 and 50 BCE, Ceaser organized a