When longitudinal studies and cross sectional studies are compared with one another, they are very similar; however, there is a major difference between the two. Cross sectional studies observe data at one single point in time, whereas longitudinal studies take place over a period of time, and have at least 2 waves of measurement. (Trochim, 2006) In other words, time is the main variable that is used in a longitudinal study, while cross sectional allows for conclusions to be drawn. Shuttleworth (2010) explains the differences between the two studies in this way, “Of course researchers often use both methods, using a cross section to take the snapshot and isolate potential areas of interest, and then conducting a longitudinal study to find
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The time that data is looked at must be long enough to be able to see a detectable change in status. “Sir Cyril Burt, well known for his innovative techniques (of factor analysis) in the 1920s, used the term “conspective” for cross sectional as opposed to “prospective” for longitudinal data.” (Rajulton, 2001) Two types of longitudinal designs are repeated measures and time series. According to Trochim (2006), “If you have two or a few waves of measurement, you are using a repeated measures design. If you have many waves of measurement over time, you have a time series.” Usually, at least 20 waves of measurement are used when talking about a study using a time …show more content…
In Argentina, in 1993, latent fingerprints were first used as evidence and, to this day, fingerprint analysis is one of the most important aspects in crime scene investigations. Frye v. United States (1923) was the case that set the standard for allowing forensic evidence, such as fingerprint analysis, to be used. Frye was superseded by the Federal Rules of Evidence in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in 1993. “The Daubert ruling established a guideline for admitting forensic evidence, which consists of the following factors: (i) empirical testing, (ii) peer review and publication, (iii) known or potential error rate, (iv) standards controlling the operation, and (v) the Frye standard of general acceptance.” (Yoon & Jain,
The time that data is looked at must be long enough to be able to see a detectable change in status. “Sir Cyril Burt, well known for his innovative techniques (of factor analysis) in the 1920s, used the term “conspective” for cross sectional as opposed to “prospective” for longitudinal data.” (Rajulton, 2001) Two types of longitudinal designs are repeated measures and time series. According to Trochim (2006), “If you have two or a few waves of measurement, you are using a repeated measures design. If you have many waves of measurement over time, you have a time series.” Usually, at least 20 waves of measurement are used when talking about a study using a time …show more content…
In Argentina, in 1993, latent fingerprints were first used as evidence and, to this day, fingerprint analysis is one of the most important aspects in crime scene investigations. Frye v. United States (1923) was the case that set the standard for allowing forensic evidence, such as fingerprint analysis, to be used. Frye was superseded by the Federal Rules of Evidence in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in 1993. “The Daubert ruling established a guideline for admitting forensic evidence, which consists of the following factors: (i) empirical testing, (ii) peer review and publication, (iii) known or potential error rate, (iv) standards controlling the operation, and (v) the Frye standard of general acceptance.” (Yoon & Jain,