Presley’s study also reveals that exemplary teachers use guided reading lessons where it typically incorporate mini lessons on phonics and phoneme awareness, the use of new and familiar text, the introduction and use of new and familiar vocabulary. These teachers show their pupils how to use a range of reading cues (graphophonic, picture, syntactic and semantic cues) in the context of ongoing reading and writing activity and explicit methods are used for the development of comprehension. The teaching of the mechanics of writing, such as punctuation, occurs in the context of real writing and teachers increasingly emphasize the process of writing such as planning and revising as pupils move from kindergarten to grade 2. The most effective teachers consciously integrate the teaching of skills with authentic literacy experiences, makes use of extensive scaffolding and intervene with assistance, organizes classrooms as whole group, small group and one-to-one…