Essay Landlocked Countries And Its Effects On African Countries
In the 1980s and 1990s, political and economic instability (perhaps a result of South Africa’s Apartheid movement) as well as poor crop production in many sub-Saharan countries led to a large decrease in agricultural trading (Knack, 2007; Heidhues and Obare, 2011). Many African governments faced recession. The recession caused many African countries to adopt Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). SAPs are loans given out by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to assist developing countries in times of economic hardship (Heidhues and Obare, 2011). The SAP loans required African governments to reduce spending in the social sectors of health and education and focus on jump starting the long term and short term economy (Heidhues and Obare, 2011). Commitment to improving the educational system remained, but the amount of spending on…