CHAPTER THREE
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERCITICS:
The effluent collected were analyzed in the laboratory for pH, acidity, alkalinity, salinity, total dissolved solid(TDS), conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total solid, total suspension solid, turbidity, BOD, DO and COD using standard methods (APHA,2005).
A.DETERMINATION OF pH:
The electrode of pH meter was calibrated with standard buffer solutions of pH 4, 7 and 9. The electrode was then dipped in the sample and its pH was noted down. B.DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY:
Conductivity was measured by using soil and water analyzed kit. The electrode was conditioned with KCl and calibrates with 0.01M KCl solution. The sample …show more content…
I. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY:
Acidity was obtained by titrimetric method.
Required chemicals are: - Methyl orange indicator (1-2 drops), Phenopthelene indicator (1-2 drops), and titrate with NaOH (0.02 N) till orange colour change to pink color.
J.DTERMINATION OF DO:
WINKLER METHOD
DO was obtained by titrimetric method. The amount of Dissolved Oxygen, or DO, in water is expressed as a concentration. A concentration is the amount of in weight of a particular substance per a given volume of liquid. The DO concentration in a stream is the mass of the oxygen gas present, in mg/L or ppm.
Two methods are used: 1. Titrimetic method 2. Electrometric method
Calculation
DO= volume of sodium thiosulfate * 0.2* 1000/ volume of sample
K.DTERMINATION OF BOD:
BOD was obtained by titrimetric method. Biological oxygen demand (B.O.D) is the amount of oxygen required for the microorganisms (bacteria) present in the waste water to convert the organic substance to stable compounds such as CO2 and H2O,
Organic substance + oxygen bacteria -->CO2 + H2O
Bacteria placed in cintact with organic materials will utilize it as a food source in the utilization the organic material will be oxidized to CO2 …show more content…
The slide was washed, blot, and examine under microspore.
C. ACID FAST STAINING:
The lipoid capsule of the acid – fast organism takes up carbolfuchsim and resists decolorizatin with a dilute acid rinse. The lipoid capsule of the mycobacterium is of such high molecular weight that it is waxy at room temperature and successful penetration by the aqueous based staining solutions (such as Gram’s) is prevented.
PROCEDURE:
Smear of organisms to be stained were prepared. & the smears were heat fixes. The slide was Place on wire gauze on a ring stand. The slide was Saturate with carbolfuschin. The slides were heated with a hand –held Bunsen burner until steam can be seen rising from the surface. The slide was heated to maintain steaming for 3-5 min. As the slide begins to dry during the staining process add a drop or two of carbolfuschin was added to keep the slide moist. At the end of staining the slide was washed thoroughly & was drained. The slide was Decolorize with acid –alcohol for 30 seconds. Then the slide was rinsed, drained and counterstained with methylene blue or crystal violet for 45 seconds.
The slide was rinsed, blot, and examine under
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERCITICS:
The effluent collected were analyzed in the laboratory for pH, acidity, alkalinity, salinity, total dissolved solid(TDS), conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total solid, total suspension solid, turbidity, BOD, DO and COD using standard methods (APHA,2005).
A.DETERMINATION OF pH:
The electrode of pH meter was calibrated with standard buffer solutions of pH 4, 7 and 9. The electrode was then dipped in the sample and its pH was noted down. B.DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY:
Conductivity was measured by using soil and water analyzed kit. The electrode was conditioned with KCl and calibrates with 0.01M KCl solution. The sample …show more content…
I. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY:
Acidity was obtained by titrimetric method.
Required chemicals are: - Methyl orange indicator (1-2 drops), Phenopthelene indicator (1-2 drops), and titrate with NaOH (0.02 N) till orange colour change to pink color.
J.DTERMINATION OF DO:
WINKLER METHOD
DO was obtained by titrimetric method. The amount of Dissolved Oxygen, or DO, in water is expressed as a concentration. A concentration is the amount of in weight of a particular substance per a given volume of liquid. The DO concentration in a stream is the mass of the oxygen gas present, in mg/L or ppm.
Two methods are used: 1. Titrimetic method 2. Electrometric method
Calculation
DO= volume of sodium thiosulfate * 0.2* 1000/ volume of sample
K.DTERMINATION OF BOD:
BOD was obtained by titrimetric method. Biological oxygen demand (B.O.D) is the amount of oxygen required for the microorganisms (bacteria) present in the waste water to convert the organic substance to stable compounds such as CO2 and H2O,
Organic substance + oxygen bacteria -->CO2 + H2O
Bacteria placed in cintact with organic materials will utilize it as a food source in the utilization the organic material will be oxidized to CO2 …show more content…
The slide was washed, blot, and examine under microspore.
C. ACID FAST STAINING:
The lipoid capsule of the acid – fast organism takes up carbolfuchsim and resists decolorizatin with a dilute acid rinse. The lipoid capsule of the mycobacterium is of such high molecular weight that it is waxy at room temperature and successful penetration by the aqueous based staining solutions (such as Gram’s) is prevented.
PROCEDURE:
Smear of organisms to be stained were prepared. & the smears were heat fixes. The slide was Place on wire gauze on a ring stand. The slide was Saturate with carbolfuschin. The slides were heated with a hand –held Bunsen burner until steam can be seen rising from the surface. The slide was heated to maintain steaming for 3-5 min. As the slide begins to dry during the staining process add a drop or two of carbolfuschin was added to keep the slide moist. At the end of staining the slide was washed thoroughly & was drained. The slide was Decolorize with acid –alcohol for 30 seconds. Then the slide was rinsed, drained and counterstained with methylene blue or crystal violet for 45 seconds.
The slide was rinsed, blot, and examine under