Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive day case procedure which may be done for diagnosis, meniscectomy or debride-ment. Arthroscopic surgery is associated with a variable degree of postoperative pain, which is caused by an irritation of free nerve endings of the synovial tissue, anterior fat pad, and joint capsule due to surgical excision and resection [1]. Postoperative pain control is very important for early rehabil-itation and short hospital stay. Several postoperative analgesic modalities were tried such as systemic drugs, central or periph-eral nerve blocks and intra-articular injections aiming at reach-ing the ideal technique for postoperative pain control [2]. Many studies were done using different intra-articular agents as local anesthetics, opioids, ketamine, NSAIDS and a2-adrenergic agonists for prevention and treatment of pain after knee surgeries [3]. Dexmedetomidine is a potent and highly selective a2-adrenoreceptor agonist. It has sedative-hypnotic, anxiolytic, analgesic, anesthetic and sympatholytic effects [4].
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Ketamine has been introduced into clinical practice for nearly 46 years, with the objective to act as an anesthetic substance with analgesia, amnesia, unconsciousness, and immobility properties. Ketamine has been found to interact with a number of recep-tors such as opioids, muscarinic and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAr)
Ketamine has been introduced into clinical practice for nearly 46 years, with the objective to act as an anesthetic substance with analgesia, amnesia, unconsciousness, and immobility properties. Ketamine has been found to interact with a number of recep-tors such as opioids, muscarinic and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAr)