Later, Kelling and Coles (1996) further developed the broken windows model by placing it in a broader legal context. They argued that the retreat from order maintenance policing to concentrate on serious crimes was a mistake (Kelling & Coles, 1996). Failure to address order maintenance by the police led to the increase in the level of incivilities. Increased incivilities became the signal for more serious crimes and further deterioration of the neighborhoods. Kelling and Coles (1996) linked broken windows to both community- and problem- oriented policing strategies. According to them, the philosophy of community- and problem-oriented policing requires the “restoration of public order” and the “involvement of police in order maintenance” (Kelling
