AFRICAN AMERICANS WRONGLY CONVICTED 3 Why Are African Americans More Likely to Be Wrongly Convicted in the United States? Introduction Imagine, you are just minding your business walking down a street and an officer stop you to bring you to the station to question you. The next thing you know you are being charged for a crime you didn’t commit.…
As Holloway pointed out, eyewitness testimony plays a significant role in sending innocent people to prison (Holloway, 2015). Yet, I feel that she only vaguely covered the topic. Because eyewitness testimony is a major component of the American criminal justice system, Holloway should have better emphasized the faultiness of eyewitness…
Imagine your life was held in some else's hands. Them having the ability to throw it away in a cell, or let it be free and grow. You sitting across the room, knowing you did nothing wrong. How confident would you be they would make the right choice. Seventy percent of them would make the wrong choice.…
Eyewitness misidentification has been the predominant cause of erroneous convictions. A study by the Innocence Project shows that it plays a role in 72% of justice miscarriages. However, eyewitness testimony is considered compelling evidence and has been the foundation upon which many cases have been brought to trial. Factors like weapon focus effect, forgetting curve, cross racial identification, communication with witness after identification and memory contamination, contribute to eye witness misidentification. Some of these factors are interestingly depicted in Picking Cotton.…
Eyewitness identification relies upon the eyewitness memory and the ability for him or her to retain that information and reporting it straight to the police. Memory is considered as evidence because information is being gathered and encoded in memory. Over time the storage holds in the encoded information in the brain until retrieval occurs so the brain can have access to the information. Although memory is not accurate, errors can occur throughout the process of encoding, storage, or retrieval. Even images and sound can deteriorate over time, which makes it hard to recall them back.…
3. Historical Influences There were many important people that influenced Elizabeth Loftus in establishing her career. Richard Atkinson helped her in completing her master’s thesis on learning spelling via computer-assisted mathematics instruction. Her doctoral thesis on the other hand was supervised by Patrick Suppes. These men were both very inspirational to her.…
The accuracy of their testimony is sometimes called into question, especially if a witness says they saw the…
INTRODUCTION Eyewitness testimony, which depends on the precision of human memory, enormously affects the result of a trail. For instance, In 1984, American College Student Jennifer Thompson was assaulted at knifepoint by a man who burst into her dorm. Amid her difficulty, Jennifer focused on everything about her aggressor so she could later precisely identify him. Soon thereafter, she worked with law enforcement to make a precise representation out of an attacker. A couple days after the fact she recognized Ronald Cotton as the attacker and chose him from an identity parade.…
Eyewitness Identifications play a major role in convictions. However sometimes the reliability of an eyewitness identification can have questionable accuracy. With Eyewitnesses being wrong for as many as one in every four, they are still considered one of the primary pieces of evidence against a suspect. An Eyewitness in court Identifying a possible suspect is one of the most strongest pieces of evidence to convince a jury. The only thing that can convince a jury more then an individual actually pointing out a suspect saying they were the ones they saw at the scene of the crime is DNA.…
When a conviction depends completely on whether or not an eyewitness can select the correct suspect and not one of the foils, known non-suspects, out of a lineup is where many cases of wrongful convictions can begin. For example, in many cases it appears juries believe a witness who can correctly identify a defendant from lineups, even when other sources of evidence are contradictory to their statements (“Eyewitness Identification” 1); therefore, proposing a possibility of bias towards one piece of evidence while ignoring all opposing information from others. However, some may say that eyewitness testimony is the only way to correctly identify the accused suspect. Although in some cases that statement may be true when no other form of evidence is present, for so many others, the eyewitness identification can lead to a lapse in judgement by the jury who may very easily dismiss other pieces of evidence that are available to them; therefore, an individual who unfortunately matches the description of the guilty party may be imprisoned for a crime they did not commit.…
In conclusion, both an eyewitness and the reasonable person provide standards in the court of law that are used in determining whether to convict a suspect, as demonstrated by the eyewitness in the State v. Hendersen (2011) case. Unfortunately, both standards are based upon subjective perception. For example, human error in memory processing may decrease the accuracy in an eyewitness testimony. Research should be done on individual interpretation as it relates to an eyewitness or the reasonable person in order to prevent any wrongful…
An issue in developmental psychology that is a common topic of research is the question of whether or not the testimony of young children can be trusted. Can they recognize perpetrators or even remember events accurately? The answers to these questions should inform how children are questioned as eyewitnesses in the courtroom, and since many people aren’t as educated in this topic, it important for a policy to be implemented to ensure that findings from recent research are being used to effectively utilize children as eyewitnesses. There are three main topics of applicable research that I will discuss in this paper, and they are: use of initial exhaustive recall to avoid retrieval-induced forgetting, eye closure in recalling events, and repeating…
Our experiment examined how modality and word type could affect false recall in a word list paradigm. Manipulating modality (auditory and visual presentation) and word type (concrete and abstract) has never been studied in relation to false recall. We predicted that the word lists that were presented aurally and/or contained concrete terms would show higher rates of false recall for the critical lure words. Approximately, 24 undergraduate students took part in the study. The participants were presented with 12 word lists that were associated with 6 concrete lures, and 6 abstract lures.…
In a study done by Steven D. Penrod and Brian L. Cutler, eyewitness identification was tested to find the most reliable effects on eyewitness performance. The studies that they performed indicated that jurors ' evaluations of identification evidence are heavily influenced by the confidence of the eyewitness. Unfortunately, in this case and in many other cases, the confidence of the eyewitness did not matter because he still identified the wrong man. The correlation between confidence and accurate eyewitness identification is weak (Penrod & Cutler, 1989). Because the victim’s husband was so confident in his identification, the cops did not feel obligated to find all of the evidence that they needed to prosecute Brenton.…
Memory is the encoding, storage and retrieval of past events and experiences, it is present in the short term memory store and then transferred to the long term memory store. The retrieval of memory isn’t always accurate as memories become distorted over time. The distortion of these memories are due to some influencing factors such as language, age, reconstructive errors and emotion. Taking all these factors into consideration leads to the point that memory is only to some extent reliable. Language plays a big role in how we remember, language is used to convey how we remembered the event but it is also a influence on how we remembered the event.…