The first reinforced concrete high-rise building is the Ingalls Building, built in 1903 in Cincinnati, Ohio. All the key developments in reinforced concrete buildings in that time have contributed in the design and construction of Ingalls Building. Richard W. Steiger defined the Ingalls Building, ‘These developments included heavy monolithic beam-and-slab construction with tension reinforcing, two-way reinforcing systems, and bent bars and stirrups. Also used were hoops and continuous helixes for compression members.’ Concrete was used as an ideal material because of concrete’s load-bearing capacity and structural properties. Also, concrete was cost-effective as it could be formed by a local labour and materials, whereas steel beams and girders
