Introduction: Postmenopausal women have a greater risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in later life [1]. Estrogen is nephroprotective in premenopausal women; however, it has been suggested that the loss of estrogen predisposes women to reduced kidney function [2]. As a consequence, there is an increased risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, which has been demonstrated by several studies [3-5]. The risk of incident cognitive impairment and dementia are augmented by comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity [6-8].
There have been studies that have examined how hormone therapy (HT) effects kidney function, but the results vary [9-15]. In a 2011 publication by the Rancho-Bernardo study, a …show more content…
Cognitive function was evaluated using the 40-point Telephone Interview Cognitive Status-Modified (TICSm) assessment [23]. For women who scored less than thirty-one on the TICSm, a reliable informant was interviewed using the Dementia Questionnaire, a validated cognitive telephone interview, to track cognitive, behavioral, and functional changes that could affect cognition [24]. Similar to the WHIMS cohort, women were classified as having: no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, or probable dementia.
Covariates:
We will examine risk factors for CKD and cognitive impairment: age, education, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, and history of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is defined as having history of myocardial infarction, angina, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, carotid endarterectomy, or stroke. Women with self-reported diabetes or treatment for diabetes were classified as having diabetes. BMI was defined as weight in kg/ height in m2.
A history of a hysterectomy determined the hormone therapy women received: CEE-alone or
There have been studies that have examined how hormone therapy (HT) effects kidney function, but the results vary [9-15]. In a 2011 publication by the Rancho-Bernardo study, a …show more content…
Cognitive function was evaluated using the 40-point Telephone Interview Cognitive Status-Modified (TICSm) assessment [23]. For women who scored less than thirty-one on the TICSm, a reliable informant was interviewed using the Dementia Questionnaire, a validated cognitive telephone interview, to track cognitive, behavioral, and functional changes that could affect cognition [24]. Similar to the WHIMS cohort, women were classified as having: no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, or probable dementia.
Covariates:
We will examine risk factors for CKD and cognitive impairment: age, education, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, and history of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is defined as having history of myocardial infarction, angina, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, carotid endarterectomy, or stroke. Women with self-reported diabetes or treatment for diabetes were classified as having diabetes. BMI was defined as weight in kg/ height in m2.
A history of a hysterectomy determined the hormone therapy women received: CEE-alone or