when they are paired. For example, implicit bias is shown if a subject is significantly faster pairing Black faces with negative words and White faces with positive words as opposed to the reverse pairing of Black-positive and White-negative. The testing is called the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and measures difference in response times in milliseconds, capturing rapid data that cannot be consciously controlled.34 It is publicly available online at https://implicit.harvard.edu and has many options for bias-pairing tests. In contrast, explicit bias is typically measured using self-report such as “temperature sliding scales” to assess feelings towards a stereotyped group. These processes are largely independent of each other35, such that
