Time shapes many aspects of our daily lives. We draw on the past, experience the present, and prospect the future. Dealing with time is a fundamental feature of human experience, both objective, so-called clock time, and subjective, personal constructions of time. Time perspective (TP), which is a basic dimension of subjective time, emerges from cognitive processes partitioning human experience into past, present, and future temporal frames (Zimbardo and Boyd, 2008; Zimbardo and Boyd,
1999). A great deal of research in the field of TP emphasized the importance of this construction in the regulation of behavior, such as risky taking, health behaviors, and substance abuse (Breierwilliford and Bramlett, 1995; Fieulaine and Martinez, 2010;
Henson …show more content…
Individuals can develop a cognitive temporal bias toward being past, present, or future oriented. When chronically elicited, this bias becomes a dispositional style, or individual-differences variable, which is characteristic and predictive of how an individual will respond across a host of daily life choices (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999).
The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) was developed to measure TP across five tendencies, including Past-Positive (PP), Past-Negative (PN),
Present-Hedonistic (PH), Present-Fatalistic (PF), and Future. Some studies suggest that the past orientation has demonstrated little explanatory capability in delay discounting research (Apostolidis et al., 2006; Keough, 1999; Teuscher and Mitchell,
2011). Therefore, we focus on analysis of present and future TP as predictors of delay discounting. Present TP refers to a primary orientation to the here-and-now, and an inclination to form goals and adopt behaviors that meet immediate desires. The ZTPI distinguishes between two very different ways of being focused on the present (Zimbardo and …show more content…
In the present study, we anticipated that brain regions in prefrontal cortex may be the neural basis of the relation between TP and delay discounting.
Individual differences in diverse cognitive functions can be reliably inferred from neuroanatomical structure (Gaser and Schlaug, 2003; Gilaie-Dotan et al., 2013;
Gilaiedotan et al., 2011; Kumaran et al., 2007; Song et al., 2011). Here we investigated the neuroanatomical basis of how different TPs affect delay discounting using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methods across two groups. For group 1, we first tested the relationship between delay discounting and different TPs, and then identified brain regions that significantly correlated with TPs and delay discounting respectively. We next identified the overlapping regions that correlated with both TPs and delay discounting. Then, region-of-interest (ROI) analyses were used to further examine the reliability of results that found in group 1. We calculated the gray matter
(GM) volume of the overlapping regions, and mediation analyses was conducted to test whether the overlapping region of mPFC played a mediating role in the relation between Future TP and delay discounting in group
1999). A great deal of research in the field of TP emphasized the importance of this construction in the regulation of behavior, such as risky taking, health behaviors, and substance abuse (Breierwilliford and Bramlett, 1995; Fieulaine and Martinez, 2010;
Henson …show more content…
Individuals can develop a cognitive temporal bias toward being past, present, or future oriented. When chronically elicited, this bias becomes a dispositional style, or individual-differences variable, which is characteristic and predictive of how an individual will respond across a host of daily life choices (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999).
The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) was developed to measure TP across five tendencies, including Past-Positive (PP), Past-Negative (PN),
Present-Hedonistic (PH), Present-Fatalistic (PF), and Future. Some studies suggest that the past orientation has demonstrated little explanatory capability in delay discounting research (Apostolidis et al., 2006; Keough, 1999; Teuscher and Mitchell,
2011). Therefore, we focus on analysis of present and future TP as predictors of delay discounting. Present TP refers to a primary orientation to the here-and-now, and an inclination to form goals and adopt behaviors that meet immediate desires. The ZTPI distinguishes between two very different ways of being focused on the present (Zimbardo and …show more content…
In the present study, we anticipated that brain regions in prefrontal cortex may be the neural basis of the relation between TP and delay discounting.
Individual differences in diverse cognitive functions can be reliably inferred from neuroanatomical structure (Gaser and Schlaug, 2003; Gilaie-Dotan et al., 2013;
Gilaiedotan et al., 2011; Kumaran et al., 2007; Song et al., 2011). Here we investigated the neuroanatomical basis of how different TPs affect delay discounting using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methods across two groups. For group 1, we first tested the relationship between delay discounting and different TPs, and then identified brain regions that significantly correlated with TPs and delay discounting respectively. We next identified the overlapping regions that correlated with both TPs and delay discounting. Then, region-of-interest (ROI) analyses were used to further examine the reliability of results that found in group 1. We calculated the gray matter
(GM) volume of the overlapping regions, and mediation analyses was conducted to test whether the overlapping region of mPFC played a mediating role in the relation between Future TP and delay discounting in group