The modern era is governed by the bureaucratic practices humans have created throughout history. The deficiencies of this system are the source of all issues within Joseph Heller’s Catch-22. “Bureaucracy” by Bert Rockman and Harvard Business Review’s“When Bureaucracy Is Actually Helpful, According to Research”, by Daisy Chung and Beth Bechky, outline proper bureaucratic procedures. Improper bureaucratic procedures allowed for Major Major’s promotion to major despite holding no qualifications. Major Major’s promotion was the result of “an I.B.M. machine with a sense of humor” (Heller 86), which goes against the principle of professionalization. Major Major should have been promoted “through the passage of tests based on merit” (Rockman), but
