The Classic Problem of Evil has been pondered by many great minds. Humans and other living things continue to be troubled by the many kinds of evils. If God is benevolent, He would not want people and other living things to suffer. If God is omniscient, He must know when they are suffering. If God is omnipotent, He must be able to prevent this suffering.…
Kant’s critique of consequentialism comes from his principle of morality, more specifically the categorical imperative, and how it is immoral to use an individual as merely as a means to an ends and not be treated as ends in themselves. This theory is in distinct contrast with the principles of consequentialism because the theory is based on the fact that the consequences of a conduct determines whether the conduct is right or wrong. The individual would thus be a slave of utility maximization because their actions would solely be based off of reaping the best possible results. Therefore, meaning that consequentialism does not take into account the morally relevant difference between acts and omissions because consequentialism ignores moral…
Most individuals generally like to think of themselves as moral human beings. They often directly link their moral judgments to reason alone. However, in the 18th century, Hume made the suggestion that moral judgments could be based on emotions rather than unadulterated reason. In his Moral Philosophy, Hume argues that moral distinctions are not derived from reason, but rather determined by moral emotions: feelings of approval, or disgust felt by spectators who contemplate a moral trait or action (Owen, 1992). Moral judgments find their foundation in an assessment of actions of people with respect to the set of merits ingrained in their society (Haidt, 2001).…
The problem of evil is an atheistic argument, against the existence of God. It is a deductive argument that pits the existence of unjustified evil against the existence of any kind of divine being. Julian of Norwich presents a response to the problem of evil, but there are also some possible holes in Julian’s theory. This paper explores the problem of evil and how it is connected to human suffering, Julian’s theory in response to the problem, and a critique of Julian’s theory. One must assume that an omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God exists.…
In John Stuart Mill’s influential book “Utilitarianism”, Mill introduces the belief that moral action is based upon the concept of utility, or how he explains it, the greatest happiness principle. It is this greatest happiness principle that defines Utilitarianism as the notion that the best moral actions are those that promote the most amount of human happiness. Actions that would be regarded as the least favorable are those that promote the opposite, unhappiness. The concept of Utilitarianism and that of Consequentialism are similar as both judge the moral value of an action dependent on its consequences, however each claim leads to different conclusions.…
Buddha, Hume, and Mill are the night and day of philosophical theorists. Buddha offers thoughts about consequentialism while Hume teaches sentimentalism. Mill's philosophy about utilitarianism contrasts Hume's sentimentalist theory. The order Buddha, Hume, and Mill is presented diagrams an obscure theory between virtue ethics and utilitarianism. While reviewing these philosophical theorists, they may be considered the yin and yang of philosophical studies.…
Questions of Suffering Individuals often ask, “Why do people suffer?” or “What causes suffering?” One possible answer individuals have is blaming Satan, which makes sense considering he is associated with everything evil, which is true to a certain extent. Another answer people give is God is the cause of suffering, that also is a reasonable answer because he is never around to help individuals with suffering. However, the best answer would be: holding humans responsible for suffering due to their own selfishness and disability to take fault in their own actions.…
One of the main concepts that Hume is known for is his idea of causality and the problem of induction. Hume believed that we can cannot prove…
In efforts to find summum bonum or the ultimate good, philosophers during the 20th century began to investigate ethical issues, and tried to create their own versions of an ideal moral code. During this time, John Stuart Mill and Peter Singer base their ethical beliefs in the philosophy of utilitarianism. Both Mill’s essay Utilitarianism and Singer’s work Famine, Affluence and Morality explore the pursuit of happiness and its relation to moral philosophy. The doctrine of utilitarianism emphasizes the consequences of one’s actions as they add to the sum total of happiness.…
Kant’s Groundworks of the Metaphysics of Morals, and Mill’s Utilitarianism, each offer different arguments about what is morality. They both give us fundamental and universal theories about morality. Before we compare the two, let’s first start with a summary of the main arguments of each philosopher. Mill begins chapter one by setting the stage for what he is going to discuss. Philosophers have discussed the foundation of morality for more than two thousand years.…
In the branch of normative ethics, a person discerns what is right or wrong behavior. There are several theories about what is right or wrong conduct, but two of the most popular ideas is Utilitarianism and Kantianism. Both set up strict methods of deciding how a person would know what the right thing to do in a situation would be. On one hand, utilitarianism claims that you can use intuition to discern what the greatest good for the greatest number of people is. On the other side, Kantianism claims that you can use reasoning and logic to discern moral obligations and rules.…
David Hume and Immanuel Kant are both known for their great contributions to moral philosophy. Hume who is mainly known for his empiricism, skepticism and naturalism and Kant who is best recognized for his great work in metaphysics, ethics and also for his contributions in others disciplines in the area of philosophy. Although they were both exceptional philosophers and gave stupendous apports, Hume and Kant agreed nor differed in various aspect and ideas. Hume believed and is mostly based on his empiricism which involves the theory of the mind. Hume’s empiricism consist in to affirm that the moral foundation is not in the reason but in the senses.…
The human nature of understanding is a worldwide concept, that has been adapted over time. These concepts of human understanding were introduced differently by philosophers. John Locke and David Hume, documente in their treatises how the human nature of understanding works. In many arguments of reasoning, Locke states that humans should be on the same level of thinking and knowledge to argue about an idea. David Hume believes that fact is a contradiction, and with contradiction you can’t argue with.…
Our moral duties or actions are often based on the moralities and duties. As studied, two ethical and philosophical theories perfectly explain and study our moral behaviors and thoughts. The two theories are named Utilitarianism which emphasizes on morality based on good and pleasant consequences, and the Deontological theory which in contrary of the Utilitarianism focuses on Duties and rights. In order to put these theories in practice, a situation of a train is given. In fact, I, the train conductor, am facing a situation where the train is heading straight thus would kill five passengers in the train.…
It usually maximizes the total benefits and reduces the negatives for the greatest number of people. Two major contributors of Utilitarianism were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Jeremy Bentham believed that mankind was under two masters: pain and pleasure. As well, through the hedonistic perspective, Bentham said the greater good we should look for is happiness. The actions that increase happiness and diminish pain create utility.…