Reliability and Validity of Stress and Coping Styles Measurement
Although extensive research has been conducted to analyze the factors influencing hopelessness depression (HD), there has been lesser research focused on the factors contributing to HD in adolescence. In “Daily stress and coping styles in adolescent hopelessness depression: Moderating effects of gender,” Rodriguez-Naranjo and Caño aimed to link daily stress and coping styles as factors contributing to HD in adolescence. Specifically, they hypothesized that adolescents with a higher number of daily stressors would have higher levels of HD. Also, adolescents with higher scores of avoidant coping style will have higher levels of HD while adolescents engaging more in active and internal …show more content…
One of the questionnaires given was the HD Symptoms Questionnaire (HDSQ) which evaluates eight HD theory symptoms, each symptom containing 4 items. The scores range from 0 to 96, as each item is rated from 0 to 3, with higher scores equating to a greater number of symptoms. This measure, although contains a “0” value, can be considered to have an ordinal level of measurement. The next measure done was the Hopelessness Scale (HS) which assesses negative event expectations through 20 “true” and “false” questions. Participants that get higher scores, from a scale of 0 to 20, are said to have higher hopelessness. This questionnaire can be considered to have an ordinal level of measurement although the response to the questions are considered to be nominal. For the Problem Questionnaire (PQ), participants are asked to rate items describing everyday stressors from 1 (not stressful) to 5 (very stressful) in order to evaluate the stress adolescents have in a daily basis. This measure also is an ordinal level of measurement. The last measure administered is the Coping Across Situations Questionnaire (CASQ) which evaluates the coping styles (active, avoidant, and internal) of adolescents by asking participants to mark the coping strategies they use when adverse situations occur. Each coping style contains a different number of strategies and each have a different scale. This measurement is also
Although extensive research has been conducted to analyze the factors influencing hopelessness depression (HD), there has been lesser research focused on the factors contributing to HD in adolescence. In “Daily stress and coping styles in adolescent hopelessness depression: Moderating effects of gender,” Rodriguez-Naranjo and Caño aimed to link daily stress and coping styles as factors contributing to HD in adolescence. Specifically, they hypothesized that adolescents with a higher number of daily stressors would have higher levels of HD. Also, adolescents with higher scores of avoidant coping style will have higher levels of HD while adolescents engaging more in active and internal …show more content…
One of the questionnaires given was the HD Symptoms Questionnaire (HDSQ) which evaluates eight HD theory symptoms, each symptom containing 4 items. The scores range from 0 to 96, as each item is rated from 0 to 3, with higher scores equating to a greater number of symptoms. This measure, although contains a “0” value, can be considered to have an ordinal level of measurement. The next measure done was the Hopelessness Scale (HS) which assesses negative event expectations through 20 “true” and “false” questions. Participants that get higher scores, from a scale of 0 to 20, are said to have higher hopelessness. This questionnaire can be considered to have an ordinal level of measurement although the response to the questions are considered to be nominal. For the Problem Questionnaire (PQ), participants are asked to rate items describing everyday stressors from 1 (not stressful) to 5 (very stressful) in order to evaluate the stress adolescents have in a daily basis. This measure also is an ordinal level of measurement. The last measure administered is the Coping Across Situations Questionnaire (CASQ) which evaluates the coping styles (active, avoidant, and internal) of adolescents by asking participants to mark the coping strategies they use when adverse situations occur. Each coping style contains a different number of strategies and each have a different scale. This measurement is also