Interestingly, in the past years, there were reports of survivors that reported losing a friend or non-immediate family member; still mental health outcomes were significant. Overall, the major risk of adolescent survivors was psychological issues like depression, substance use, and alcohol abuse even after controlling for exposure to other violent events. Unfortunate, these risks lend support to the growing literature on the uniqueness of homicide survivorship (Rheingold et al., 2012). Specifically, one in ten adolescents was criminal homicide survivors. This result highlights the importance of assessing and addressing adolescents who have experienced the loss of a loved one to homicide as it increases risk for a number of chronic mental
