SIMULATION CROSS BETWEEN A HETEROZYGOUS FEMALE AND A HEMOPHILIA MALE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The survival of the human species throughout the last millions of years has been solely based on the randomized process of genetic inheritance from one generation to the next generation. Instead of duplicating their genetic information and create identical offspring, humans produce sex cells, through the process of meiosis, that carry only half of the genetic information, and fertilize them in order to produce non-identical offspring (Science Learning Hub, 2011). The ability to create unique offspring for every –sexual reproduction- allow a greater chance of survival and mutations. Out of the 23 types of chromosome, the sex chromosome that determine …show more content…
The actual crossing between a heterozygous female and a hemophilia male produced offspring with 31% being females without hemophilia, 25% being females with hemophilia, 24% being males without hemophilia, 20% males with hemophilia. Meanwhile, the cross on a Punnett square predicted the same parents to produce offspring with 25% each being females with and without hemophilia, males with and without hemophilia. Even though the observed percentage did not match the predicted offspring receiving the hemophilia genes, the chi-squared test confirmed that the deviation did not matter. The difference was caused by pure …show more content…
The small opening, and long length of the bags make the act of picking up the cards more difficult. If the paper bags were to replaced with another medium, such as a box with a wider opening, then the simulation would run more smoothly. In addition, the size of the paper bag also causes the process of shaking the alleles to be less randomized. With the limited space, the laminated cards cannot shuffle well, except moving up and down, making the experiment to be less randomized. Even with another medium, the act of shaking is not efficient enough to fully randomize the cards. Simply moving the cards up and down will only give a small chance of randomizing cards. A possible alternate solution could be, when doing the experiment, don’t just shake the bag, close the opening of the bag and flip the bag upside down, doing more than just shaking the
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The survival of the human species throughout the last millions of years has been solely based on the randomized process of genetic inheritance from one generation to the next generation. Instead of duplicating their genetic information and create identical offspring, humans produce sex cells, through the process of meiosis, that carry only half of the genetic information, and fertilize them in order to produce non-identical offspring (Science Learning Hub, 2011). The ability to create unique offspring for every –sexual reproduction- allow a greater chance of survival and mutations. Out of the 23 types of chromosome, the sex chromosome that determine …show more content…
The actual crossing between a heterozygous female and a hemophilia male produced offspring with 31% being females without hemophilia, 25% being females with hemophilia, 24% being males without hemophilia, 20% males with hemophilia. Meanwhile, the cross on a Punnett square predicted the same parents to produce offspring with 25% each being females with and without hemophilia, males with and without hemophilia. Even though the observed percentage did not match the predicted offspring receiving the hemophilia genes, the chi-squared test confirmed that the deviation did not matter. The difference was caused by pure …show more content…
The small opening, and long length of the bags make the act of picking up the cards more difficult. If the paper bags were to replaced with another medium, such as a box with a wider opening, then the simulation would run more smoothly. In addition, the size of the paper bag also causes the process of shaking the alleles to be less randomized. With the limited space, the laminated cards cannot shuffle well, except moving up and down, making the experiment to be less randomized. Even with another medium, the act of shaking is not efficient enough to fully randomize the cards. Simply moving the cards up and down will only give a small chance of randomizing cards. A possible alternate solution could be, when doing the experiment, don’t just shake the bag, close the opening of the bag and flip the bag upside down, doing more than just shaking the