Helicobacter pylori is correlated with the malignant transformation of the gastric epithelial cells. It has been correlated with a variety of condtitions that serve as a precursor for gastric carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the different factors that enable Helicobacter pylori to colonize and damage the stomach epithelium, which are directly linked to Helicobacter pylori-induce gastric carcinogenesis. These factors include cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA), Vacuolating toxin A (vacA), Outer inflammatory protein A (oipA), peptidoglycan, flagella, and Duodenal promoting gene A (dupA). These elements collectively or individually affect the environment of the stomach, which can be associated with the induction of gastric malignancies that
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It is predicted that a large percentage of the human populations contain Helicobacter pylori within their stomach [2]. There are numerous factors that have been associated with gastric carcinogenesis, such as genetic background [3], habits such as smoking [4], drinking alcohol[5], diet [6], and Helicobacter pylori . Approximately 15% of stomach cancer has been linked with H. pylori’s stomach colonization [7]. As a result, Helicobacter pylori has been classify as a direct carcinogen agent towards humans due to the fact that it’s virulence presents a high risk for cancer development [8]. Helicobacter pylori is a motile gram-negative, curved, microaerophilic bacteria that has the ability to colonize and sustain its survival in the harsh environment of the stomach [9] [7]. An infection with Helicobacter pylori can cause a variety of precancerous conditions such as chronic gastritis, atrophy of the mucosal membrane, changes within the cellular population, abnormal growth of the growth of the cells, and eventually over a period of sustained infection, gastric carcinoma …show more content…
The cag pathogenicity island is a 40 kilobase DNA segment that is composed roughly of 27 genes, of which a portion are utilized for the formation of type four secretion system, this secretion system attaches to β1 integrins in the surface of the epithelial cells within the stomach [12, 13]. The cag pathogenicity Island contains a variety of genes that are crucial for the formation and structure of the pilus of the type four-secretion system, which includes CagL and CagI [8] [12]. Cag Pathogenicity Island has being correlated with the risk of enhancing the changes for gastric cancer and ulcer development [8]. CagL is at the tip of the pilus, and it is segment that comes in contact with alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, and is crucial in the introduction of cytotoxin associated gene A into the cytoplasm of the target cell [14] [15-17]. Alpha 5 beta 1 integrin is found in a lipid raft; those lipid rafts appear to be crucial for the attachment of type four secretion system to the surface of the gastric epithelial cells [18]. In addition, CagX is important in the structure and activity of the type four secretion system pilus [19]. However, through a variety of experiments it has been established that Type four secretion system does not posses
It is predicted that a large percentage of the human populations contain Helicobacter pylori within their stomach [2]. There are numerous factors that have been associated with gastric carcinogenesis, such as genetic background [3], habits such as smoking [4], drinking alcohol[5], diet [6], and Helicobacter pylori . Approximately 15% of stomach cancer has been linked with H. pylori’s stomach colonization [7]. As a result, Helicobacter pylori has been classify as a direct carcinogen agent towards humans due to the fact that it’s virulence presents a high risk for cancer development [8]. Helicobacter pylori is a motile gram-negative, curved, microaerophilic bacteria that has the ability to colonize and sustain its survival in the harsh environment of the stomach [9] [7]. An infection with Helicobacter pylori can cause a variety of precancerous conditions such as chronic gastritis, atrophy of the mucosal membrane, changes within the cellular population, abnormal growth of the growth of the cells, and eventually over a period of sustained infection, gastric carcinoma …show more content…
The cag pathogenicity island is a 40 kilobase DNA segment that is composed roughly of 27 genes, of which a portion are utilized for the formation of type four secretion system, this secretion system attaches to β1 integrins in the surface of the epithelial cells within the stomach [12, 13]. The cag pathogenicity Island contains a variety of genes that are crucial for the formation and structure of the pilus of the type four-secretion system, which includes CagL and CagI [8] [12]. Cag Pathogenicity Island has being correlated with the risk of enhancing the changes for gastric cancer and ulcer development [8]. CagL is at the tip of the pilus, and it is segment that comes in contact with alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, and is crucial in the introduction of cytotoxin associated gene A into the cytoplasm of the target cell [14] [15-17]. Alpha 5 beta 1 integrin is found in a lipid raft; those lipid rafts appear to be crucial for the attachment of type four secretion system to the surface of the gastric epithelial cells [18]. In addition, CagX is important in the structure and activity of the type four secretion system pilus [19]. However, through a variety of experiments it has been established that Type four secretion system does not posses