The reduction of this ketone produces secondary alcohols. Sodium borohydride is often used in this process because it reacts more rapidly with the carbonyl group than with the solvent. In this experiment, the reduction of 9-fluorenone using sodium borohydride to give 9-fluorenol will be examined. This reaction involves the transfer of a hydride ion from borohydride ion to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon with the accompanying transfer of the electron deficient boron atom to the carbonyl oxygen.1 The reaction is shown below: 10 is 9-fluorenone, 11 is the intermediate borate salt, and 12 is 9-fluorenol.…
solution, because it is the source of the Grignard reagent. Because the halide cannot be eliminated, the next best option is to minimize the amount of halide in the reaction. In this experiment, a small concentration of the halide is reacted with a high concentration of magnesium to ensure maximum contact between halides and magnesium. To do this, magnesium will be placed in the round bottom flask and then halides are slowly added. Another potential source of error is that Grignard reagents must be placed far away from water sources.…
Experiment 11: Peptides and Amino Acids The purpose of this experiment was to study the amino acid composition of artificial sweeteners and then observe simple acid and base catalyzed reactions of the amino acid and artificial sweetener aspartame. This was achieved by performing a TLC analysis using ninhydrin as an indicator to observe the composition of the amino acid as well as two of the components that make up aspartame. This is followed by the addition of an acid or base to aliquots of diet sodas to examine the resulting reactions and compare them to a known hydrolyzed aspartame sample. The most common method of synthesizing amides is through the reaction of a primary or secondary amine with a carboxylic acid derivative.…
IR- and H-NMR-spectrum were taken. The Iodide is in the para position (also known as 5-iodosalicylamide), this is confirmed by the IR and the…
Goals The goal of the lab was to investigate the properties and structure of an unidentified compound that was discovered in a local landfill. The group was called in to help determine the chemical and physical properties of the compound so we can let the people of the town know so it can be taken care of properly with or without further precautions to be taken. Another goal of this project was to devise the synthesis of the unknown compound. Experimental Design In order to determine the correct identity of our unknown compound, we first started with a couple preliminary tests, which include physical state and smell.…
At this step, the compound is stable and sits around until a source of proton is available to protonate. In the workup, the sulfuric acid is added to hydrolyze the product. The proton is bonded to the oxygen to making the final product neutral and a tertiary alcohol. Experimental…
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the product that is produced from sodium hypochlorite oxidizing 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and this experiment is to also determine if sodium hypochlorite is a selective oxidizing agent. This reaction is an oxidation reaction. The reaction involves the removal hydrogens and sometimes the addition of oxygen. 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol will undergo an oxidation reaction to produce an unknown product (Scheme 1). (1) Scheme 1. 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol undergoes a reaction with sodium hypochlorite and glacial acetic acid to produce an unknown product.…
In conclusion, this experiment was successful and the product 1-methylcyclohexene was…
This the reaction involves a tertiary alkyl halide, which is tert-butyl chloride, which further indicates that the reaction follows a SN1…
Based on the results of the control experiments, the interaction between the Calcium Chloride and phenol red are responsible for the high temperature change in the overall reaction. After doing a control experiment with Sodium Bicarbonate and phenol red and noticing that the temperature got colder, only one other chemical mixed with phenol red could be responsible for the warm temperature change that chemical being Calcium Chloride. There was a temperature change that was observed during the individual control labs as seen when calcium chloride was mixed with water it became hotter and when calcium chloride was mixed with the phenol red it also grew hotter in temperature. Though during the lab which mixed phenol red with baking soda the temperature…
After spending money yet again on chlorine to clean the pool, just about every swimming pool owner has wondered whether common bleach would do the job just as well. In truth, bleach contains the same base chemical as pool chlorine. That chemical is, of course, chlorine. The major differences between the two types are strength and formulation. Also, bleach is a bit less expensive than pool chlorine.…
Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used as a flavouring agent and in perfumes. The diastereomers of the alkene are distinguished through Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, where the coupling constants of alkenyl protons are different for (E) and (Z) isomers.4…
One important aspect of organic chemistry is the synthesis of new compounds. It is also important for chemists to understand how to perform certain techniques, such as extraction and distillation, to produce the new products, which are usually drugs and cures for illnesses. In this experiment, n-butyl bromide was produced. n-Butyl bromide is an alkyl halide, which are usually synthesized by an alcohol and an acid. In the case of n-butyl bromide, n-butyl alcohol was used along with sodium bromide and sulfuric acid.…
It starts with a catalyst, then followed by an expression of…
The main solution containing dicholormethane, benzyltriphenylphosphorium and benzaldehyde was cloudy and white. This solution changed colors when the sodium hydroxide solution was added. After only a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution was added, the reaction solution became…