Owing to the “Grey Tsunami” happened in UK throughout the decades, which is mainly characterised by the remarkable change in human age structure and the increased proportion of the aged population, ageing-related studies have been extensively conducted and gained a lot of interests to investigate the factors that affect the human health trajectories. Ageing process was once described as “an unsolved problem in biology” by Medawar, but nowadays, collectively data from various sources proved that it is no longer unsolved now [1 in essay]. As Balcombe et al. described ageing and senescence as “progressive changes in the tissues or organs of the body, leading to a decline in function and death” [2 in essay]. Much researches have been carried out
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For instance, the highly reactive oxygen species (hiROS), including the hydroxyl radical or peroxynitrite were described to result in increased oxidative damage to the biological molecules in the body (9 in 2). However, recent scientific studies have evidently changed this opinion by proving that the physiological effects of ROS really depend on its concentration and its production site (1, 2). Many studies explained that ROS is beneficial during its low concentration. At its low level, ROS behaves actively as one of the essential molecules which participate in the cellular signalling pathway, carrying out its significant function in regulating the differentiation and homeostasis in the cell which is adaptable by stress through the triggering of the mitohormesis (1 and 4 in 2). Most importantly, by conducting some in vivo experiments, some independent studies explained that mitochondrial reactive oxygen stress (mtROS) have the ability to even extend lifespan and delay the happening of some age-related disease in some model organisms (1, Hekimi et al., 2011 in 1). For instance, the less reactive oxygen species (loROS) such as hydrogen peroxide plays significant role in regulation the oxidative state of some residues and affect the particular protein activity (99 in
For instance, the highly reactive oxygen species (hiROS), including the hydroxyl radical or peroxynitrite were described to result in increased oxidative damage to the biological molecules in the body (9 in 2). However, recent scientific studies have evidently changed this opinion by proving that the physiological effects of ROS really depend on its concentration and its production site (1, 2). Many studies explained that ROS is beneficial during its low concentration. At its low level, ROS behaves actively as one of the essential molecules which participate in the cellular signalling pathway, carrying out its significant function in regulating the differentiation and homeostasis in the cell which is adaptable by stress through the triggering of the mitohormesis (1 and 4 in 2). Most importantly, by conducting some in vivo experiments, some independent studies explained that mitochondrial reactive oxygen stress (mtROS) have the ability to even extend lifespan and delay the happening of some age-related disease in some model organisms (1, Hekimi et al., 2011 in 1). For instance, the less reactive oxygen species (loROS) such as hydrogen peroxide plays significant role in regulation the oxidative state of some residues and affect the particular protein activity (99 in