Organisms present on the Gram film were obtained from patient sputum. This suggests that the organisms can be present either in the airways or in the lungs. Gram film shows Gram-positive (purple- dark colour) elongated oval shaped (cocci) cells. Bacteria are present as diplococci (pairs of cocci), nevertheless they also appeared as single cells and short chains of few cells (four cells chain is visible at the Gram film). Morphological appearance of bacteria, Gram stain and presence of the organisms in the sputum suggest that it may be Streptococcus pneumoniae (Allegrucci and Sauer, 2006; Hoskins et al., 2001). To confirm identification of organism, future microbiological testing is required. Although bacteria present on the Gram film appears
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Staphylococci are catalase positive, while Streptococci negative. To future identify species of Streptococci, growth on blood agar plate will be necessary to recognize level of haemolysis. S. pneumonia is α-haemolysis (Allegrucci and Sauer, 2006), which will appear as dark greenish discoloration under the colonies on agar. α-haemolytic Streptococci can be distinguished by optochin sensitivity test (Arbique et al., 2004). S. pneumonia is optochin sensitive, while S. viridans is resistant. Bile test can also be performed. S. pneumonia cells will lyse in 10% desoxycholate (bile salts) within a few minutes (Arbique et al., 2004). Immunological assay can be also used in the form of agglutination ready kits. This assay used binding capacity of the antibody containing reagent to bacteria capsular antigens (Arbique et al., …show more content…
influenzae is Gram-negative coccobacillus, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria that can be found in the respiratory track of humans (Agrawal and Murphy, 2011). Pathogen can be divide into two groups: with polysaccharide capsule and without (Agrawal and Murphy, 2011). H. influenzae can cause diseases such as otitis media in children, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis (Agrawal and Murphy, 2011). Pathogen have the ability to colonize, penetrate mucous membranes and enter the blood stream. Colonization is facilitated by polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsular polysaccharide, by presents of fimbriae and by IgA proteases (Turk, 1984). The survival of pathogen in the circulation is facilitated by PRP, by presents of fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found on the outer membrane and bacteria adaptation e.g. loos of fimbriae and LPS modification (Turk, 1984). Capsule allowed bacteria to avoid phagocytosis, while the presents of fimbriae allowed bacteria to attach to human epithelial cells. IgA proteases inactivate immunoglobulin A by cleavage and therefore allowed bacteria to avoid host immune system (Turk, 1984). LPS is an endotoxin that mediate the inflammatory respond (Turk,
Staphylococci are catalase positive, while Streptococci negative. To future identify species of Streptococci, growth on blood agar plate will be necessary to recognize level of haemolysis. S. pneumonia is α-haemolysis (Allegrucci and Sauer, 2006), which will appear as dark greenish discoloration under the colonies on agar. α-haemolytic Streptococci can be distinguished by optochin sensitivity test (Arbique et al., 2004). S. pneumonia is optochin sensitive, while S. viridans is resistant. Bile test can also be performed. S. pneumonia cells will lyse in 10% desoxycholate (bile salts) within a few minutes (Arbique et al., 2004). Immunological assay can be also used in the form of agglutination ready kits. This assay used binding capacity of the antibody containing reagent to bacteria capsular antigens (Arbique et al., …show more content…
influenzae is Gram-negative coccobacillus, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria that can be found in the respiratory track of humans (Agrawal and Murphy, 2011). Pathogen can be divide into two groups: with polysaccharide capsule and without (Agrawal and Murphy, 2011). H. influenzae can cause diseases such as otitis media in children, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis (Agrawal and Murphy, 2011). Pathogen have the ability to colonize, penetrate mucous membranes and enter the blood stream. Colonization is facilitated by polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsular polysaccharide, by presents of fimbriae and by IgA proteases (Turk, 1984). The survival of pathogen in the circulation is facilitated by PRP, by presents of fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found on the outer membrane and bacteria adaptation e.g. loos of fimbriae and LPS modification (Turk, 1984). Capsule allowed bacteria to avoid phagocytosis, while the presents of fimbriae allowed bacteria to attach to human epithelial cells. IgA proteases inactivate immunoglobulin A by cleavage and therefore allowed bacteria to avoid host immune system (Turk, 1984). LPS is an endotoxin that mediate the inflammatory respond (Turk,