Government Philosophies Of Ancient China Summary

Decree By Incentive: Government Philosophies of Ancient China Throughout China’s expansive history, the nation has used a variety of foundations to justify their positions on political power. Though the claims change throughout the years, they tend to fall into one of two classifications: either the philosophy has a sacred, often religious basis, or it has a secular justification. Some methods of governance focus on severe punishments for breaking laws, and others expect a government to lead through virtuous example. These secular policies rely on a commoner’s character or aversion to penalties to ensure proper behavior within a society. They do not take into account for the opportunity costs a person might lose when following a law, however, …show more content…
With other philosophies, politicians may question if their ruler recognizes the legalist mentality, or understand the teachings of Confucius. With the Mandate of Heaven, it is assumed that the lineage of a ruler is innately worthy and that the title travels down the family line as they become successors. Moss Roberts notes this as one of the philosophy’s strongpoints in his afterword for his translation of Three Kingdoms: “It is a concept less active in times of stability, [because] changes of dynasty are relatively infrequent; they are the exception, not the rule.” He also talks of its strengths outside of times of crises, saying “it is always a useful reminder to the ruler of the penalty for misgovernment.” Not only does this philosophy offer an incentive to the commoner to follow the rule, but it encourages the ruler themselves to do as they …show more content…
Ironically, the incentive comes from one of the most intangible concepts of governmental philosophy used throughout Chinese history: Heaven. There is so much for a person to desire from and fantasize about a holy realm, deity, or divinity. Commoners see Heaven as just and fair because it is crafted in such a way when religion is spread throughout a society. This divine rule cannot govern an empire on its own, so it bestows the title and responsibilities onto someone worthy of such a task. It gives a follower of its teachings an ample reason to respect the constructs of Heaven, while stating the punishments for anyone who chooses to cross its