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Galileo also wrote a short piece on gambling at the behest of his patron, the grand duke of Tuscany. The grand duke did not understand why does the number 10 appear more frequently than the number 9 when you throw three dice. The development of systematic methods for analyzing the number of ways in which events can happen was needed. The law of the sample space in its original form applies only to outcomes that are equally probable.
Since there are 27 ways of rolling a 10 with three dice but only 25 ways to get a total of
9, Galileo concluded that with three dice, rolling was 27/25, or about 1.08 times more likely. That implicitly employs the principle stating that the chances of an event depend of the number of ways in which it can occur. The scientist that could show how to calculate the number of ways in which something can occur was Blaise Pascal. In 1654 he was challenged with the problem if two players who have equal chances to win end the game with one of the players in the lead, what would be the fairest way to divide the pot. Problem like this comes up in any area of life in which two entities compete. For example, to get a reliable answer regarding which company or which employee