Gender roles have been divided, starting with the beginning of mankind as if it is natural. Since antiquity, the male has taken the lead in works that require physical force and strength, such as collecting, hunting, fishing, or the role to protect their tribe from enemies. Conversely, the female has taken a role that demands their sympathy ability and relatively less physical ability, such as nurturing kids and housework. But from a certain moment, this gender role distribution brought a significant problem in a society. The gender role distribution, in accordance with the abilities that individuals have, not only brought the increase of efficiency, but also resulted in the fact that individual’s capability has not been fully exerted because
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Although there are numerous female workers, they are still not satisfied. Recent trends in the United States show that occupational segregation remains high and did not substantially decline in the decade of the 2000s for the first time since 1960. Men and women work in different occupations because of a combination of forces: culturally defined choices by workers themselves, discrimination by employers, and differences in skill levels and qualities (Cohen, 2013). One measure of gender discrimination in the workplace is wage difference. In terms of pay, women still get paid less than men. The Bureau of Labor Statistics recently reported that women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings of $691. On average in 2012, women made about 81 percent of the median earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers (Highlights of Women 's Earnings in 2012, …show more content…
For instance, there are about 1,617,000 female laborers working in the Department of Defense, which is about 31.2% of total population (Current Employment Statistics - CES (National), 2015). Although the number of women in management positions has improved since the creation of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission (FGCC), the rate of change of this improvement is still slow. To illustrate that despite being 46.7 percent of the workforce, women held only 14.4 percent of executive officer positions in Fortune 500 companies, and 15.7 percent of those corporate board seats in 2010 (Cabeza, Johnson, & Tyner, 2011). Besides, this glass ceiling is a factor that causes the wage gap between men and women. When occupying management positions, women tend to be overrepresented in medium and medium-low wage industries, such as nursing and education, and underrepresented in high wage industries such as manufacturing (Cabeza, Johnson, & Tyner,
Although there are numerous female workers, they are still not satisfied. Recent trends in the United States show that occupational segregation remains high and did not substantially decline in the decade of the 2000s for the first time since 1960. Men and women work in different occupations because of a combination of forces: culturally defined choices by workers themselves, discrimination by employers, and differences in skill levels and qualities (Cohen, 2013). One measure of gender discrimination in the workplace is wage difference. In terms of pay, women still get paid less than men. The Bureau of Labor Statistics recently reported that women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings of $691. On average in 2012, women made about 81 percent of the median earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers (Highlights of Women 's Earnings in 2012, …show more content…
For instance, there are about 1,617,000 female laborers working in the Department of Defense, which is about 31.2% of total population (Current Employment Statistics - CES (National), 2015). Although the number of women in management positions has improved since the creation of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission (FGCC), the rate of change of this improvement is still slow. To illustrate that despite being 46.7 percent of the workforce, women held only 14.4 percent of executive officer positions in Fortune 500 companies, and 15.7 percent of those corporate board seats in 2010 (Cabeza, Johnson, & Tyner, 2011). Besides, this glass ceiling is a factor that causes the wage gap between men and women. When occupying management positions, women tend to be overrepresented in medium and medium-low wage industries, such as nursing and education, and underrepresented in high wage industries such as manufacturing (Cabeza, Johnson, & Tyner,