Major breakthroughs have occurred mostly in the 1950s. P.M Zoll has revived the known concept of cardiac pacing using transthoracic stimulation of the heart during resuscitation. In 1956 when silicon transistors are commercialized, it contributed to the design and manufacture of the system of the battery-powered pacemaker. In 1958, Elmqvist and Senning are the first people to successfully perform an implantation of the system using epicardial leads.
Synchronously, Furman and Schwedel implant a pacemaker to the heart using the transvenous route. In the 1960s, there is an introduction of a permanent transvenous encordial pacing as well as specific pacing modes. This includes ventricular protocols that can inhibit or trigger (Harris et al, 1965,
Synchronously, Furman and Schwedel implant a pacemaker to the heart using the transvenous route. In the 1960s, there is an introduction of a permanent transvenous encordial pacing as well as specific pacing modes. This includes ventricular protocols that can inhibit or trigger (Harris et al, 1965,