In the natural kidney, most components of the blood are first filtered out using ultrafiltration, and then the essential nutrients like glucose, amino acids, etc. and electrolytes like Na, K, Cl, HCO, Ca, Mg, etc. and water are reabsorbed by passive, active, or facilitated transport. The waste products are reabsorbed and therefore are excreted in the urine. The artificial kidney device called hemodialyzers removes excess waste from the blood using the principle of dialysis. The cleansed blood returns via the circuit back to the body. The waste dialysate is excreted out.
In dialysis, temperature is a vital condition to be taken care of and controlled, because a slight increment in the temperature may lead to a great variation in the process of dialysis. Dialysate temperatures are preferable between 35 degrees C to 39 degrees, where >42 degrees may lead to blood protein denaturation and <35 degrees may lead to hypothermia. A controller is needed to control and maintain the temperature in the particular level. Blood pressure depends mainly on the flow rate and the size of the vessels and on the pressure gradient [3]. In dialysis, the flow rate is 500 mL/min and blood flow rate is 390 mL/min. The relationship between the blood flow and the pressure is expressed with the boundary conditions, angular frequency, and wave velocity. Once a satisfactory mathematical model has been obtained, the designer should construct a prototype and then test the open-loop system. If absolute stability of the open loop is guaranteed, the designer closes the …show more content…
Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that at any given instant the algebraic sum of the all voltages around any loop in an electrical circuit is zero. Fig. 1. Circuit Diagram of Thermistor Ri+1/c ∫▒〖i dt=e_1 〗 and 1/c ∫▒〖i dt= e_0 〗
In dialysis, temperature is a vital condition to be taken care of and controlled, because a slight increment in the temperature may lead to a great variation in the process of dialysis. Dialysate temperatures are preferable between 35 degrees C to 39 degrees, where >42 degrees may lead to blood protein denaturation and <35 degrees may lead to hypothermia. A controller is needed to control and maintain the temperature in the particular level. Blood pressure depends mainly on the flow rate and the size of the vessels and on the pressure gradient [3]. In dialysis, the flow rate is 500 mL/min and blood flow rate is 390 mL/min. The relationship between the blood flow and the pressure is expressed with the boundary conditions, angular frequency, and wave velocity. Once a satisfactory mathematical model has been obtained, the designer should construct a prototype and then test the open-loop system. If absolute stability of the open loop is guaranteed, the designer closes the …show more content…
Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that at any given instant the algebraic sum of the all voltages around any loop in an electrical circuit is zero. Fig. 1. Circuit Diagram of Thermistor Ri+1/c ∫▒〖i dt=e_1 〗 and 1/c ∫▒〖i dt= e_0 〗