In this ANC (African National Congress) document “The Freedom Charter” evaluates and clarifies the rights implemented to those who live in South Africa as a prerequisite of a new reformed post-apartheid regime (Freedom Charter,1955:1). This documents explicitly notes all the rights given all who belong to South Africa. Black, White, Indian and Colored citizens are to be provided with equal rights no matter the individual’s gender, sexual orientation, and religious beliefs. This documents is important as the basis of the South African constitution. The freedom Charter is important because it addresses the injustices of apartheid and other forms of discrimination and prejudices (Freedom Charter, 1955: 1). The rights expressed in The Freedom
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According to Friedman (1993:5), the protracted struggles were characterised by violent conflict between Guerillas of MK and the NP Government. The growing urban uprisings pressured the NP Government to consider reforms, albeit ‘soft’ reforms that maintained the exclusion of black political rights. These reforms were aimed to firstly suppress the uprisings and secondly to satisfy the demand for cheap black labour without conceding power (Friedman, 1993:6). In addition, the condemnation from the international community, through public, economic and political sanctions had a huge impact on the government’s concession for reforms. During this period in the early 1980’s, Friedman (1993:6) stresses the NP Governments reluctance to concede political power based on their willingness to see through the armed conflict due to their advantageous military strength (Friedman,1993:6)). However, the severe strains to the South African economy due to international economic sanction, the state policy under the presidency of FW De Klerk shifted towards open dialogue with the ANC. This led to the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC, alongside their leaders such as Nelson Mandela. As a result, the unbanning of the ANC (African National Congress) was a catalyst for possible negotiations between the Np government and black political parties towards a new South African order, this therefore gave birthed to the first CODESA in 1999 (Habib, 2013:
According to Friedman (1993:5), the protracted struggles were characterised by violent conflict between Guerillas of MK and the NP Government. The growing urban uprisings pressured the NP Government to consider reforms, albeit ‘soft’ reforms that maintained the exclusion of black political rights. These reforms were aimed to firstly suppress the uprisings and secondly to satisfy the demand for cheap black labour without conceding power (Friedman, 1993:6). In addition, the condemnation from the international community, through public, economic and political sanctions had a huge impact on the government’s concession for reforms. During this period in the early 1980’s, Friedman (1993:6) stresses the NP Governments reluctance to concede political power based on their willingness to see through the armed conflict due to their advantageous military strength (Friedman,1993:6)). However, the severe strains to the South African economy due to international economic sanction, the state policy under the presidency of FW De Klerk shifted towards open dialogue with the ANC. This led to the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC, alongside their leaders such as Nelson Mandela. As a result, the unbanning of the ANC (African National Congress) was a catalyst for possible negotiations between the Np government and black political parties towards a new South African order, this therefore gave birthed to the first CODESA in 1999 (Habib, 2013: