Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to understand acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes through the formation of exo-norborneol from the reaction of Norborene with acid and the excess of water. Acid-catalyzed hydration is useful in removing double and triple bonds; an unsaturated compound becomes reduced to a saturated compound in the presence of the acid catalyst, or water for this experiment. Hydration of alkenes is the result of acid-catalyzed addition of water to a carbon-carbon double bond. This leads to the formation of an alcohol.…
Nucleophilic Substitution: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Alkyl Halide Classification Tests INTRODUCTION The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the conversion of a primary alcohol to 1-bromobutance with the Sn2 mechanism using sodium bromide and then to characterize the compound with two different alkyl halide tests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution involves chemical reactions where a neutral molecule or an anion called a nucleophile substitutes a leaving group by attacking an electrophilic, Lewis acidic carbon atom. Leaving groups are molecular compounds that are departed and replaced by the nucleophile. This interconversion is commonly known as the attack of the nucleophile.…
The first experiment that was performed was the oxidation of 9-fluorenol, which is the decrease of a molecule’s hydrogen content.6 The following chemicals were used in the experiment: 9-fluorenol, sodium hypochlorite (the oxidizing agent), sodium thiosulfate (the reducing agent), sodium bicarbonate, acetic acid, and acetone.3,6 To begin the experiment 9-fluorenol, acetone, acetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite were added in sulfate is added to remove excess water from the hexane layer that is collected using the separatory funnel.6 To determine the success of the experiment, percent yield was used to determine how much product was recovered, and Thin Layer Chromatography was used throughout the experiment to monitor the reaction process.6 The…
Stereochemistry 5. Introduction In this experiment, stereochemistry was explored by the isomerization of dimethyl maleate and the analysis of carvones. The isomerization was accomplished with the use of bromine, which broke the double bond to allow bond rotation. Free bond rotation allowed molecules to shift into the trans state before the double bond was reformed to create dimethyl fumarate.…
The product is then determined by spectral and physical properties. Introduction The Grignard reaction is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry. The reaction involves the Grignard reagent, which is formed…
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the product that is produced from sodium hypochlorite oxidizing 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and this experiment is to also determine if sodium hypochlorite is a selective oxidizing agent. This reaction is an oxidation reaction. The reaction involves the removal hydrogens and sometimes the addition of oxygen. 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol will undergo an oxidation reaction to produce an unknown product (Scheme 1). (1) Scheme 1. 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol undergoes a reaction with sodium hypochlorite and glacial acetic acid to produce an unknown product.…
Consequently, the base attacks a hydrogen on the least substituted carbon (primary carbon). In this case, steric hindrance is reduced and the elimination reaction is faster, so a less substituted alkene is more favored, and becomes the major product. 2-Bromoheptane + Sodium Methoxide. The 2-Bromoheptane + Potassium TertButoxide reaction yielded 4 different products: 1-heptene,…
Green Chemistry and the Diels-Alder Reaction Purpose The purpose of this reaction is to bring about the movement of green chemistry which is a safer, more sustainable chemistry to all levels of chemistry. The use of 12 principles can make in principle a reaction greener with the use of modifications. In this lab, the Diels-Alder reaction will be performed by reacting (E,E)-2,4-hexadien-1-ol with maleic anhydride without the use of a solvent to make the reaction more greener.…
There were sp3 C-H peaks in the 2800-3100cm-1, sp2 C-H peaks in the 3100cm-1 range and C= C peaks in the 1620-1680cm-1. The conditions of this lab favored thermodynamic, since the reaction was under thermodynamic control that means the product with lost energy forms in the largest yield. 1-methylcyclohexene is the thermodynamic product because it is the most stable. The percent yield of product was 14.8 percent and the theoretical yield was 0.583g.…
The concentration of the reactants was varied such that the order of the reaction could be determined, and the temperature was also changed to determine the activation energy of the reaction. The rate law was found to be rate = k[KI]1[H2O2]1, and the activation energy was calculated to be 53.9 kJ/mol. This activation energy was 21.1 kJ/mol less than that of the uncatalyzed reaction, showing that the catalyst was effective at decreasing the activation energy, and increasing the rate of the reaction. One possible cause of error is the inconsistency of reactions, the reactants must collide in the correct orientation to react, so there is always a possibility for some small variation. When calculating the activation energy, warmer water was used to increase the temperature of the reactants; however, because the surroundings were still room temperature, the temperature may not have been consistent throughout the reaction, leading to an error in the observed rate, and consequently an error in the activation energy.…
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the stereochemistry of the electrophilic addition using (E)-Stilbene, a trans-isomer of ethylene. Bromine was added and reacted with (E)-Stilbene to form an alkene. A product was made with both a meso-stilbene dibromide and a d/l-stilbene dibromide, which is trans-stilbene dibromide. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION For the reaction to form these two different compounds with the same starting reactants, the double bond of (E)-Stilbene has to attack one bromide.…
Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to identify the rate constant in kinetics reactions during the t-butyl chloride convert into hydrolyzed. Theory Kinetics reaction analyzes the how fast the chemical reaction occurs when two solution mix together.…
A sample of this reaction mixture (100 μL) was added to dichloromethane (0.5 mL). Potassium carbonate (5 mL, 5 mmol) was added to the rest of the reaction mixture which was then placed in the sonication bath. A sample of the dichloromethane layer (100 μL) was extracted out every 8 minutes and added to dichloromethane (0.5 mL) until the 32nd minute. All the samples, along with benzaldehyde and ethyl cinnamate solutions were analysed by TLC with the eluent prepared from hexane (8 mL) and dichloromethane (2 mL), and then stained with…
Introduction Interhalogen compounds are molecules containing two or more different halogen atoms. The general formula for interhalogen consists of XYn, where n is equal to 1,3,5 or 7 and the central halogen, X, being less electronegative than halogen Y results in the formation of polarized covalent bonds. This experiment consisted of using experimental techniques to synthesize and decompose highly reactive, thus unstable, interhalogens that seemingly violate the octet rule. Synthesis reaction: KClO3 + I2 + 6HCl → KCl + 2ICl3 + 3H2O Decomposition reaction: I2Cl6 → 2ICl + 2Cl2 The halogens used within this experiment consisted of Iodine and Chlorine to produce an oxidizing reagent Iodine trichloride.…
IR was also obtained for the final product. Overall, the 1H NMR data shows a decrease in (Z)-stilbene and an increases in (E)-stilbene. For the first fraction, the crude product, a ratio of (E)-stilbene to (Z)-stilbene was 1:1. This means that the crude mixture was half of the trans isomer and half the cis isomer. This ratio was determined by looking at the two singlets in the spectra RM-09-1 representing the protons on alkene double bond.…