Introduction
In 1948 the longitudinal based Framingham heart (FHS) study began. This used an initial cohort of 5, 209 men and women from Framingham MA, USA to instigate the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (Dawber 1980). The study continued to capture data from the spouse and offspring of the initial cohort; these became the second and third generations.
The data from the Framingham heart study led to the development of the prediction risk profile model of CVD. This assesses the seven risk factors associated with CVD including diabetes, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), smoking, age and gender (D'Agostino, et al. (2000). Three of these risk factors are inextricably linked to dietary patterns. Robertson el al. (1996) claimed that dietary patterns reflected by composition values have a direct influence on susceptibly to CVD. Increased consumption from dietary fats and fatty acids was seen to increase body weight and increase morbidity to CVD in men from Japan, Hawaii and California. This indicates that decisions based around food consumption can determine CVD across a populations. This study will begin to with an assessment of the empirical literature where researchers have focused in the relationships between dietary patterns/ diet and health outcomes in the first, second and third generations of the Framingham cohort (FC). The aim is to evaluate the way in which dietary intake or eating behaviours decreased or increased ones susceptibility to CVD. Findings Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are often used to compare dietary patterns within a population (Cade 2001). …show more content…
These are believed to be a cost effective method (Hankin and Wilkens 1994) whereby populations can be clustered according to their long-term dietary habits (Willett, 1990). Quatromani et al. (2002) used a FFQ to perform a cluster analysis on 1942 women from the first generation FC. A FFQ comprising of 45 food items and 42 nutrient based categories consistent with the standards of the American Dietetic association Exchange list for meal planning (American Dietetic Association, 1981) The data revealed the existence of five dietary patterns including heart healthy, light eating, wine and moderate eating, high fat and empty calorie. Sonnerberg el al. (2005) used a similar measure to perform cluster analysis on 1615 participants form the second cohort. These studies concluded that those women in a healthy heart group typically consumed lower fat diary, skinless poultry, and consumed fewer servings of desserts, animal fats and diet beverages. According to the Framingham CVD risk factor model, these women had the least risk of developing CVD compared to those in higher fat and empty calorie groups. These groups typically consumed fewer fruits and legumes and more sweets, refined grains and dietary beverages Women from the healthy heart groups were also more likely to engage in health behaviours such as physical activity, whereas those who had a diet defined …show more content…
This relationship between healthy eating and healthy behaviours was in keeping with as Green et al. (2014) and Dhingra et al. (2007) who found that young men who smoked, had lower quality diets and increased energy intakes, also had a higher consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB). SSB have profound negative effects on metabolic functioning and can lead to metabolic syndrome (MS) (Barrio-Lopez, el al .2013). MS is characterised by high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and obesity (Huiming et al.
In 1948 the longitudinal based Framingham heart (FHS) study began. This used an initial cohort of 5, 209 men and women from Framingham MA, USA to instigate the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (Dawber 1980). The study continued to capture data from the spouse and offspring of the initial cohort; these became the second and third generations.
The data from the Framingham heart study led to the development of the prediction risk profile model of CVD. This assesses the seven risk factors associated with CVD including diabetes, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), smoking, age and gender (D'Agostino, et al. (2000). Three of these risk factors are inextricably linked to dietary patterns. Robertson el al. (1996) claimed that dietary patterns reflected by composition values have a direct influence on susceptibly to CVD. Increased consumption from dietary fats and fatty acids was seen to increase body weight and increase morbidity to CVD in men from Japan, Hawaii and California. This indicates that decisions based around food consumption can determine CVD across a populations. This study will begin to with an assessment of the empirical literature where researchers have focused in the relationships between dietary patterns/ diet and health outcomes in the first, second and third generations of the Framingham cohort (FC). The aim is to evaluate the way in which dietary intake or eating behaviours decreased or increased ones susceptibility to CVD. Findings Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are often used to compare dietary patterns within a population (Cade 2001). …show more content…
These are believed to be a cost effective method (Hankin and Wilkens 1994) whereby populations can be clustered according to their long-term dietary habits (Willett, 1990). Quatromani et al. (2002) used a FFQ to perform a cluster analysis on 1942 women from the first generation FC. A FFQ comprising of 45 food items and 42 nutrient based categories consistent with the standards of the American Dietetic association Exchange list for meal planning (American Dietetic Association, 1981) The data revealed the existence of five dietary patterns including heart healthy, light eating, wine and moderate eating, high fat and empty calorie. Sonnerberg el al. (2005) used a similar measure to perform cluster analysis on 1615 participants form the second cohort. These studies concluded that those women in a healthy heart group typically consumed lower fat diary, skinless poultry, and consumed fewer servings of desserts, animal fats and diet beverages. According to the Framingham CVD risk factor model, these women had the least risk of developing CVD compared to those in higher fat and empty calorie groups. These groups typically consumed fewer fruits and legumes and more sweets, refined grains and dietary beverages Women from the healthy heart groups were also more likely to engage in health behaviours such as physical activity, whereas those who had a diet defined …show more content…
This relationship between healthy eating and healthy behaviours was in keeping with as Green et al. (2014) and Dhingra et al. (2007) who found that young men who smoked, had lower quality diets and increased energy intakes, also had a higher consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB). SSB have profound negative effects on metabolic functioning and can lead to metabolic syndrome (MS) (Barrio-Lopez, el al .2013). MS is characterised by high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and obesity (Huiming et al.