In this essay, I will be summarizing James Fujitani's argument regarding the rejection of the Ming with the Portuguese effort to establish diplomatic relations in 1519. Back in 1517, the Portuguese fleet arrived off the coast of Guangzhou. This was a great moment of symbolic importance to the Portuguese, with making the first official contact between the East Asia and Europe of the early modern period. However, just a few years later, in 1521, these relations broke down by many false rumor stories and diplomatic misunderstand that resulted in the Ming rejecting the Portuguese. Consequentially, from these stories, the Ming received two letters condemning the Portuguese, by accusing Europeans as invaders, plundering the coastline, building forts, obstructing local trade, enslaving Chinese, eating children, and…