Introduction
Neuroscientist Jaak Panskepp (1998) came up with a definition of emotion such that they are “processes which are likely to have evolved from basic mechanisms that gave animals the ability to avoid harm or punishments and seek valuable resources or reward.” Robert Plutchik, an American psychologist suggested that there are eight primary emotions that have an associated behavior and functional aspect: fear, anger, joy, sadness, acceptance, disgust, expectation, and surprise. This is known as goal directed behavior; when the action climaxes, something has been learned which may result in a greater likelihood of survival. The ability to read and associate with the emotions of another being has also plays a vital role in the social …show more content…
(2014) analyzes the new and different discoveries that support fish cognition. One of those discoveries is that vertebrates share a network in their brains that assist in social decision-making, which in turn may suggest a similar structure in our common ancestor that we either evolved from or is a result of convergent evolution. Social and physical environments may shape the brain and cognition, and the study of fish has also contributed to the understanding of our own social and spatial capabilities.
Functional Aspects of Emotions in Fish by Silje Kittelson (2013) refers to the two definitions of emotion by Robert Pluchik and Jaak Panskepp that were mentioned above. Further, the paper discusses how fish release adrenalin and nonadrenaline, resulting in increased heart rate, and can send cautionary signals to others in a group. In response to emotional stimuli, they can produce cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin, which have known properties in humans. Nociceptors, natural painkillers, neural pathways, and pain processing have all been identified in fish as well. Behavioral responses during or after pain infliction include tail flipping, as an avoidance technique, freezing and avoidance of an area, as to avoid further damage, and avoidance of an object, rubbing, and rocking (Sneddon
Neuroscientist Jaak Panskepp (1998) came up with a definition of emotion such that they are “processes which are likely to have evolved from basic mechanisms that gave animals the ability to avoid harm or punishments and seek valuable resources or reward.” Robert Plutchik, an American psychologist suggested that there are eight primary emotions that have an associated behavior and functional aspect: fear, anger, joy, sadness, acceptance, disgust, expectation, and surprise. This is known as goal directed behavior; when the action climaxes, something has been learned which may result in a greater likelihood of survival. The ability to read and associate with the emotions of another being has also plays a vital role in the social …show more content…
(2014) analyzes the new and different discoveries that support fish cognition. One of those discoveries is that vertebrates share a network in their brains that assist in social decision-making, which in turn may suggest a similar structure in our common ancestor that we either evolved from or is a result of convergent evolution. Social and physical environments may shape the brain and cognition, and the study of fish has also contributed to the understanding of our own social and spatial capabilities.
Functional Aspects of Emotions in Fish by Silje Kittelson (2013) refers to the two definitions of emotion by Robert Pluchik and Jaak Panskepp that were mentioned above. Further, the paper discusses how fish release adrenalin and nonadrenaline, resulting in increased heart rate, and can send cautionary signals to others in a group. In response to emotional stimuli, they can produce cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin, which have known properties in humans. Nociceptors, natural painkillers, neural pathways, and pain processing have all been identified in fish as well. Behavioral responses during or after pain infliction include tail flipping, as an avoidance technique, freezing and avoidance of an area, as to avoid further damage, and avoidance of an object, rubbing, and rocking (Sneddon