The Nelsens’ model which is said to be closer to the Black Church may be called the “dialectic model” of the Black Church. Black Churches are institutions that are involved in a consent series of dialectic tensions. The dialectic holds opposites in tension, constantly shifting between the polarities in historical time. There is no Hegelian synthesis or ultimate resolution of the dialectic. The task of the social analyst is to examine the social conditions of any black church, including the situation of its leadership and membership, to determine what its major orientation is in relation to any pair of dialectical polarities.…
Paula Giddings, in “Defending Her Name,” notably discusses the impact of the construction of black female hypersexuality and how this relates to the “Cult of True Womanhood”; a discussion that can be applicable to Professor Lipsitz’s insight on the “phobic fantasies of monstrous Blackness.” Giddings says that because black women were constructed in this way, they were seen as outside this “Cult of True Womanhood.” This means that they were seen as untrue women, a devastating myth that was used as justification for the rape of black women by white males. These myths of black men and women as monstrous, hypersexual, and deviant, are part of the legacy of slavery (Professor Lipsitz calls it the “afterlife of slavery”) and are responsible for one crisis after another; from the lynchings that Ida B. Wells studied to the shooting of Michael Brown.…
St. Thomas in the 1730s was the home to the emerging black church in the Caribbean. One woman, Rebecca, took on the large role of helping create the church that is the oldest black church in the Americas. Rebecca's Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World by Jon F. Sensbach shares Rebecca's story and the story of the black church's eighteenth-century origins. Rebecca's Revival tells Rebecca's story in the context of the emerging black church. Her story is the portrayal of a social experiment and its limitations.…
As a category of American religious history, African-American religious life and the history behind it has often forgotten or briefly summarized in most historians’ work. Prior to the 1970’s, most history written on African-American religion was vague, often just trivial paragraphs in textbooks and considered irrelevant to our nation’s religious history. But as time progressed, history was revisited to show African-American’s having a more prominent voice in America’s religious culture. One historian, Ulrich Bonnell Phillips wrote one of the earliest collections of slave history and life, American Negro Slavery. This book, written in 1918, shaped the perception of what slavery was like for most who did not experience the institution, but…
Lonnell Edward Johnson, in his dissertation, Portrait of the Bondslave in the Bible: Slavery and Freedom in the Works of Four Afro-American Poets, states that he “chose to examine the concept of the bondslave or servant of God” (Johnson v). In his dissertation, he examines the term doulos and Hebrew word ebed and “saw the recurring theme” (v) servant or bondslave used in positive ways that he didn’t anticipate in order to annotate a bibliography, for The Bible in Afro – American Life and Letters (Portrait of the Bondslave in the Bible… v). Chapter One is devoted to Jupiter Hammon, Phillis Wheatley, George Moses Horton, and Frances E. W. Harper. He shows how each poet uses the bondslave image.…
After watching E. Patrick Johnsons' performance on Honeypot, I learned a lot. Throughout the performance there were times when E. Patrick really spoke to us; he spoke straight to our emotion. The two themes I saw and experienced were the religious affiliation to the church, for the black southern women who love women, as well as, a raw reality that society attempts to sugar coat or hide. The first theme is the religious affiliation to the church as black southern women who love women. E. Patrick explains their individual views on religion and God.…
History of United States is full of ups and downs. So many good things happened that improved the future of of the whole nation, but we cannot forget about the dark side. Wars, gender inequality, and racial discrimination make up the majority of negative aspects. People who are oppressed, abused, and minority look for escapes from their misery. One of those last resorts is religion.…
In this essay, I argue why Beauvoir’s introduction to the novel The Second Sex and Baldwin’s letter, “My Dungeon Shook,” start in a similar vein. Beauvoir and Baldwin both experience antagonism within themselves, in dealing with the study of women (Beauvoir) and the study of black men (Baldwin) because ‘woman’ and ‘black man’ are conceptualisms that have been authored by white men, in relation to white men, interpellated upon women and black men by white men for ages. These similar introductions into the studies of women and black men parallel the similarity with which both writers attack the misconstrued justifications – science and religion – white men use to construct identities for women and black men as the other, in the duality of the…
There are many concepts discussed within Dr. Maulana Karenga’s book Introduction to Black Studies, but I will be thoroughly discussing Black Studies as a discipline, Black Liberation Theology, Black Womanist Theology, Religious Thrusts, the wealth and income and its influence on political empowerment, the reversal of ghettoization problem, economic and political empowerment of African Americans, Black on Black crime, Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome, and Psychopathic Personality (2010). Fundamentally, I will discuss the challenges Black Studies creates for the traditional American education. Black Studies challenges the traditional education in every way. It challenges the fact that all knowledge is based on one particular race—White.…
The perception that these images establish of African American women should be eradicated. She claims that these images, validate and provide excuses for social problems such as racism, poverty, and discrimination. An example that makes her argument stronger includes the jezebel. This image justifies a white master’s rape. Because of the jezebel’s hypersexuality, the white master is seen as a victim for being “seduced”.…
Jesus, Jobs and Justice shows how black woman were taught that they were not good enough to be treated with respect yet they were good enough to create a life, both slave and free, this was an eye-opener. Interesting enough this sexual exploitation continued to be a problem for generations after slavery and continues today in multiple facets of life – both secular and religious. The historical pioneer, Josephine St. Pierta Ruffin set out to make sure the lives of women were given a new sense of value and respect. It’s one thing to have to deal with racial discrimination but to deal with that about gender bias is truly a burden to carry. She promoted self-worth and self-empowerment.…
Countering the conventional viewpoint, Clinton dispute how inclusion of gender and sexuality into the history of the Reconstruction era is never too late, exemplified by this article. Nevertheless, in my opinion this article is written with a very academic voice and form. I would recommend that Clinton takes the time to give the reader greater context to the historic institutions such as the Freedman's Beuro, and reorganizing her arguments chronologically to simplify the readers interpretation. Given these improvements, I recommend this article to amateur historians, middle to older age students, social service workers, and political figures. This article could be used to contribute to the historical record of the Reconstruction Era by focusing on the under-told experience of black women, which gives perspective to the historical context of the modern day, and how these described tactics are still used by white supremacist to suppress non-white voice and…
Great literary fictional writers such as James Baldwin, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Bernard Malamud are able to use their experiences and backgrounds to advance the meanings of their works through literary elements such as characterization and theme. James Baldwin, author of “Sonny’s Blues,” is regarded as a highly insightful writer, with many works that provide an “unflinching look at the black experience in America” (Biography.com Editors par. 12). Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924, to a single mother in Harlem, New York, which is the same setting of his short story, “Sonny’s Blues.” In this work, Baldwin uses characterization, direct and indirect, to allow the reader to understand the struggles placed on different individuals in a community…
THESIS The black prophetic fire has become lost among African American individuals. In this book, scholar, philosopher, author, and black activist Dr. Cornel West exchanges dialogue with Christa Buschendorf about what the black prophetic tradition means to him and six African American historical individuals who are prime examples of what black prophetic fire should be. SUMMARY…
Female characters have undoubtedly experienced a lot of transformation in Literature over the time. They have shifted from archetypal roles of noble, weak and suffering figure in a patriarchal world to strong characters, they have achieved or striving for equal rights for themselves. Their portrayal as complex characters has created a new wave of feminist writers, readers and characters. South Asian writers choose to use English as a tool to address global audience extensively. Being an author, Hanif has deployed power through the character of a Christian nurse “Alice” who is below ordinary by her status in the narrative.…