In United State, there are more than 50 courts systems. The federal court system and the state court system have three tier structures include the trial courts, intermediate courts of appeals, and supreme courts. Judicial precedents which are made by higher courts are obligated for lower courts on identical matters. However, decisions made by lower level courts do not become binding precedents on courts of higher jurisdiction, except when judge use them as guidance. “Although decisions made by a court of appeals is binding on lower courts within the same hierarchy, they are not necessarily binding on decisions made by other appellate court cases. Even though it is not required, however, precedent is usually followed, unless the judge on an
