A psychological theory can be defined as “a coherent set of ideas or constructs used to explain some phenomenon. A construct is the concept or “thing” that the theorist asserts is fundamentally involved in explaining the outcome of interest” (DeLisi, 2013). Psychological theories of crime causation focus on the influence of individual and family factors. Individual factors include personality traits, anti-social tendencies, lack of self-regulation (impulse/self-control), sex/gender and neuropsychological functioning deficiencies. In contrast, sociological theories of crime focus on shared factors that influence offenders rather than factors that are unique to individuals.…
Elements of deviant and abnormal behavior associated with white-collar crime Deviant behavior is defined as any human activity that violates social norms. Social norms are the basic framework that help to keep our society organized and functioning. People that don’t or can’t abide by those norms are present in every aspect of humanity. Normally people will identify these outsiders and keep their distance. Mostly these individuals end up on the fringes of our civilized world, though there are certainly exceptions to this rule.…
Differential association theory points to the idea that the people one surrounds themselves with has an effect on their likelihood of becoming a criminal. This theory states that individuals learn criminal behaviors from others, including attitudes, motives, and rationalizations for criminal behavior. The essential learning of criminal behavior occurs within the personal groups one is intimate with.…
Studying crime is an interesting topic because there are so many theories surrounding why people commit crimes. Although there are several theories pertaining to crime, there are few that stand out when exploring criminal activities. Theories such as strain theory or differential association theory are based around a persons surroundings, that those surroundings are what causes them to commit crimes. Although these theories make extremely good arguments, they suggest that others are to blame for criminal activities and not the person who commits the crime. Realism however, looks at the individual who committed the crime as the person at fault.…
The criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons with communication and the main part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within personal groups. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (1) the techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very simple, and (2) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. Differential association theory is one of the social learning theories that attempt to explain deviance and crime. (Sutherland & Cressey, 137)…
Before proposing ways to fix any wrongful behavior, I believe it is important to identify both the victims and offenders to get a better understanding why a certain crime is happening. For the first two scenarios dealing with the University and the parking problems, the offenders seem to be young people and/or students doing anything to make ends meat. People do leave valuable things in cars, and breaking into to those cars puts those valuable items into the hands of criminals that could then in return sell them for money. These criminals will most likely have no guidance or supervision which gives them all the opportunity and time to create any such crime. I came up with a few solutions for a student who commutes to the university to try and avoid all crime.…
His intention with this theory was to “determine, at an individual level, those who became lawbreakers, and those who do not regardless of their race, class, and ethnic background” (University of Minnesota Duluth). In Sutherland’s theory, social interactions are of the upmost importance. Differential Association can be broken into three different areas. First, criminal behavior is learned through interactions with other people. Essentially, individuals learn criminal behaviors through communication with individuals who have already engaged in criminal activity.…
ven though Bandura had already created the social learning theory, Edwin Sutherland’s differential association is the core learning theory when understanding social learning theory. Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory states that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication that takes place primarily in intimate personal groups that include crime motives, rationalizations, and attitudes (d.umn). Differential association may also vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity as a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law (d.umn). Sutherland’s differential association describes…
He proposed that the people whom individuals associate with shape and influence their behaviors. Sutherland was reacting to biological explanations, as well as strain and social disorganization theories. This theory poses an explanation for individuals and according to this theory, “criminal behavior is learned” (Sutherland 224). Sutherland proposes that criminal behavior is not something that is inherited at birth but rather it is a characteristic that individuals learn through interaction and association with other people. This theory takes a more positivist approach and it proposes that a criminal act occurs when a situation appropriate for it, as defined by the person, is present” (Sutherland…
(Walsh & Hemmens, 2014). This quote describes the ways in which people can experience the same situation, such as the “teen arrest” quote stated previously, but the consequences (reward or punishment) will have a different impact on the person. The impact of the consequences (reward or punishment) will mold the individual into performing “conforming” or “deviant” behaviors. The theories are similar in the ways they attempt to explain deviant and/or criminal behaviors in a way that contradicts psychology or biology as the only explanations of criminal behaviors. Sutherland’s ability to eliminate psychology from his theory of Differential Association created a way of explaining and theorizing criminal behaviors as a more understandable concept.…
People learn things from other people, especially if a person starts to learn bad behavior when they were very young. Some people grow up with bad influences or within a bad environment around them, and these could turn the people into criminals or killers if they see that bad behavior is acceptable or has no consequences. This was the case with the main character in the movie Monster and two sociological theories, both have rational choice theory and differential association theory, strengths and weaknesses in how they explain the main character in the movie. The movie Monster (2003) is about a female serial killer named Aileen Wuornos, who is a prostitute, a hitchhiker and has hopes of being famous, a big star, rich and more valuable…
Deviance and the Three Sociology Perspectives Despite the negative connotation that is usually bestowed upon the word , according to The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, deviance is defined as a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group (Ferris and Stein 153). This could be anything talking to oneself in public or leading a civil rights movement like Martin Luther King Jr. to change the world forever. The three different sociological perspectives, symbolic interaction, functional analysis, and conflict can be applied to the idea of deviance.…
Hence, individuals are prone to commit deviant acts due to influential primary groups and intimate social contacts. Similarly, Sutherland compiled nine propositions of the differential association theory, thus, the sixth proposition is of utter importance, as quoted, “a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law.” This denotes the similarity between the individual and its social group that one respects and values. The favorability to law violation—frequency, duration, priority, and intensity—exposed to that individual is keen to promote criminality. Considering, criminality is based upon an individual’s favorability of conforming to one’s…
This theory focuses on two pathways that individuals travel down, but instead of saying the reason for criminal activity is that we are “born” with it, they give a reason that says our environment and the interactions we have with those in our lives. They do not totally discount the fact that some individuals suffer from neuropsychological disadvantages, but these coupled with environmental and social aspects increase criminal behavior; not just these deficiencies alone cause it. One major difference in the two theories is that this one identifies life processes that we move through that has a direct impact on our behavior. These are called “turning points” and occur when we get married and when we have a meaningful career.…
Throughout these last few weeks I have learned a lot in this class. What I have learned has made me think more about the world around me, broadening my mindset. I was very excited to take this course because my favorite course in high school was sociology. I knew I would like this course because I am interested in the material and it allows me to think outside of the box. I really like how it isn’t as cut and dry as other subjects may be; sociology allows you to have an open mind.…