2306 BCE). These spells were composed for the purpose of propelling the deceased king’s spirit into a favorable afterlife among the great gods, in the sky. From the late First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom (Dyns. 11-12, c. 1980-1760 BCE), the Pyramid Texts— formerly the prerogative of royalty—disappeared from royal tombs and began to appear in private tombs, alongside a new genre of so-called Coffin Texts. These series of spells are attested exclusively in private contexts and seem to have been available to anyone who could afford a decorated coffin. Within the Coffin Texts, one series of spells, known in modern scholarship as the “Book of Two Ways,” described and, for the first time, utilized figural images to depict the paths that the deceased might follow in the afterlife, through a variety of locales, such as to the “Field of Offerings” or the “palace of Osiris.”…