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M3H(XO4)2 is an electrolyte (M=K, Rb, Cs; X = S, Se) in a fuel cell. M3H(XO4)2 exhibits a superprotonic productivity with the conductor: the Cs3H(SeO4)2 crystal at or above 456K (TI---II).
In this reaction, there are 3 phases in which the M3H(XO4)2 crystal displays different degrees of symmetry, Phase I, Phase II and Phase III. In this reaction, Phase II is first defined as where the temperature is below 396K. The crystal structure of M3H(XO4)2 is an example of a monoclinic system. If at the room temperatures of 298K, this has the space group of C2/m. At temperatures of 400K, the lattice parameters of M3H(XO4)2 are as such: a2 = 11.037(1) A, b2 = 6.415(1) A, C2 =
16.042(4) A, β2 = 02.69(1)°, where Z = 4. The molecular structure in Phase III exhibits glide …show more content…
The glides line are formed along the a-lane. Each tetrahedron exhibits reflective symmetry as well, because of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen molecules. Phase III now has the highest degree of symmetry, formed from the said hydrogen bonds and their geometrical arrangement. When the temperature is raised 400K,
Phase II starts to occur. The hydrogen bonds mentioned above in their geometrical arrangement are now changed to form in a [310] direction, and the molecule now exhibits vertical …show more content…
There are two hydrogen bonds which break off, and then they recombine along the a-plane in order to allow for the movement of one proton. In Phase II, the “V” shaped crystal structure allows for independent movement of protons, hereby causing superprotonic conductivity to take place. This is only made possible by the re-orientation of the hydrogen bonds. The protons movement is possible through the breaking and reformation of hydrogen bonds, as the protons are diffused through this crystal structure. Hence, as a result, we can conclude that the lower the crystal symmetry of a crystal structure is, the higher the proton transport efficiency. This increase in proton transport efficiency results in more efficient conversions from chemical energy to electric energy. This technology can be implemented in a fuel cell. No extra energy needs to be wasted in assisting in the breaking and reformation of hydrogen bonds in the Cs3H(SeO4)2 crystal. This makes Phase II of the entire process sit in a suitable temperature range for a fuel cell to conduct electricity efficiently. In conclusion, the author writes about a consideration, where elements like Lead and Thallium may be
M3H(XO4)2 is an electrolyte (M=K, Rb, Cs; X = S, Se) in a fuel cell. M3H(XO4)2 exhibits a superprotonic productivity with the conductor: the Cs3H(SeO4)2 crystal at or above 456K (TI---II).
In this reaction, there are 3 phases in which the M3H(XO4)2 crystal displays different degrees of symmetry, Phase I, Phase II and Phase III. In this reaction, Phase II is first defined as where the temperature is below 396K. The crystal structure of M3H(XO4)2 is an example of a monoclinic system. If at the room temperatures of 298K, this has the space group of C2/m. At temperatures of 400K, the lattice parameters of M3H(XO4)2 are as such: a2 = 11.037(1) A, b2 = 6.415(1) A, C2 =
16.042(4) A, β2 = 02.69(1)°, where Z = 4. The molecular structure in Phase III exhibits glide …show more content…
The glides line are formed along the a-lane. Each tetrahedron exhibits reflective symmetry as well, because of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen molecules. Phase III now has the highest degree of symmetry, formed from the said hydrogen bonds and their geometrical arrangement. When the temperature is raised 400K,
Phase II starts to occur. The hydrogen bonds mentioned above in their geometrical arrangement are now changed to form in a [310] direction, and the molecule now exhibits vertical …show more content…
There are two hydrogen bonds which break off, and then they recombine along the a-plane in order to allow for the movement of one proton. In Phase II, the “V” shaped crystal structure allows for independent movement of protons, hereby causing superprotonic conductivity to take place. This is only made possible by the re-orientation of the hydrogen bonds. The protons movement is possible through the breaking and reformation of hydrogen bonds, as the protons are diffused through this crystal structure. Hence, as a result, we can conclude that the lower the crystal symmetry of a crystal structure is, the higher the proton transport efficiency. This increase in proton transport efficiency results in more efficient conversions from chemical energy to electric energy. This technology can be implemented in a fuel cell. No extra energy needs to be wasted in assisting in the breaking and reformation of hydrogen bonds in the Cs3H(SeO4)2 crystal. This makes Phase II of the entire process sit in a suitable temperature range for a fuel cell to conduct electricity efficiently. In conclusion, the author writes about a consideration, where elements like Lead and Thallium may be