INTRODUCTION
Evolution of Development is best described as a field of Biology that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine the ancestral relationship between them, and to discover how developmental processes evolved. Whereas Species Development is the genetic switches that allow different structures to develop in different regions of an embryo, which could also give rise to major morphological differences among species. Everyday new species are being discovered and evolution is continuously occurring and being redefined, whether that it be new fossils being found and the way they are analyzed or how the analysis of a species has developed over time. To get a better understanding of what evolution of both development …show more content…
Researchers have been able to analyze the Hox genes sequences in modern animal and obtain an estimation that the first Hox gene had risen through gene innovation 600 million years ago. The more simple an organism the less Hox genes/clusters it contains, and the more complex the organisms the more Hox gene clusters are formed. The first Hox gene cluster arose 520 million years ago, therefore animal life during the Cambrian period began to see great diversification. Overtime an increase in the formation of Hox clusters lead to the evolution of complex terrestrial vertebrates, such as amphibians and reptiles. Other aspects of species evolution are heterochrony, one region of the body growing faster than those of different species. An example of this would be the growth rate of a human skull versus and chimpanzee’s skull. As fetus both skulls are quite similar, size and shape wise, but as the fetus makes it way to adulthood in humans the cranium grows faster than the chimps; the jaws of the chimps grow faster than the jaws humans. From many studies we have learned that the features of organisms almost always evolve from the preexisting features in their ancestors; modifications of these structures continue to be evolving overtime. The only difference is that in different organisms their molecular mechanisms that control …show more content…
The tumor development, which occurs within the mammary region, is controlled in an area of the breast called the HOXC10 gene. For this hox gene, methylation occurred in a CpG shore, which overlapped with a functional ER binding site, causing repression of the HOXC10 gene expression. By a short term blockage it was observed that ER signaling caused relief of the hox gene repression in both cell lines and breast tumors; increased DNA methylation and hox gene silencing also occurred. An experiment was performed which reduced HOXC10 in vitro and in xenografts caused a decrease in apoptosis and resulted in antiestrogen resistance. The scientist tested primary and metastatic cancer specimens to show that HOXC10 was reduced in tumors that reoccurred during AI treatment. Another study showed that it is hypothesized that disease progression could be blocked by RNA interference therapy and set out to develop a targeted therapeutic delivery strategy. In this experiment mice were tested, and the gene HOXA1 was identified as an assumed driver of early mammary cancer progression. Silencing this gene in both mice and humans resulted in increased acinar lumen formation, reduced tumor cell proliferation, and restoration of normal epithelial polarization. Both of these approaches give leverage to new advances in systems biology and nanotechnology, offering novel noninvasive
Evolution of Development is best described as a field of Biology that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine the ancestral relationship between them, and to discover how developmental processes evolved. Whereas Species Development is the genetic switches that allow different structures to develop in different regions of an embryo, which could also give rise to major morphological differences among species. Everyday new species are being discovered and evolution is continuously occurring and being redefined, whether that it be new fossils being found and the way they are analyzed or how the analysis of a species has developed over time. To get a better understanding of what evolution of both development …show more content…
Researchers have been able to analyze the Hox genes sequences in modern animal and obtain an estimation that the first Hox gene had risen through gene innovation 600 million years ago. The more simple an organism the less Hox genes/clusters it contains, and the more complex the organisms the more Hox gene clusters are formed. The first Hox gene cluster arose 520 million years ago, therefore animal life during the Cambrian period began to see great diversification. Overtime an increase in the formation of Hox clusters lead to the evolution of complex terrestrial vertebrates, such as amphibians and reptiles. Other aspects of species evolution are heterochrony, one region of the body growing faster than those of different species. An example of this would be the growth rate of a human skull versus and chimpanzee’s skull. As fetus both skulls are quite similar, size and shape wise, but as the fetus makes it way to adulthood in humans the cranium grows faster than the chimps; the jaws of the chimps grow faster than the jaws humans. From many studies we have learned that the features of organisms almost always evolve from the preexisting features in their ancestors; modifications of these structures continue to be evolving overtime. The only difference is that in different organisms their molecular mechanisms that control …show more content…
The tumor development, which occurs within the mammary region, is controlled in an area of the breast called the HOXC10 gene. For this hox gene, methylation occurred in a CpG shore, which overlapped with a functional ER binding site, causing repression of the HOXC10 gene expression. By a short term blockage it was observed that ER signaling caused relief of the hox gene repression in both cell lines and breast tumors; increased DNA methylation and hox gene silencing also occurred. An experiment was performed which reduced HOXC10 in vitro and in xenografts caused a decrease in apoptosis and resulted in antiestrogen resistance. The scientist tested primary and metastatic cancer specimens to show that HOXC10 was reduced in tumors that reoccurred during AI treatment. Another study showed that it is hypothesized that disease progression could be blocked by RNA interference therapy and set out to develop a targeted therapeutic delivery strategy. In this experiment mice were tested, and the gene HOXA1 was identified as an assumed driver of early mammary cancer progression. Silencing this gene in both mice and humans resulted in increased acinar lumen formation, reduced tumor cell proliferation, and restoration of normal epithelial polarization. Both of these approaches give leverage to new advances in systems biology and nanotechnology, offering novel noninvasive