Ethyl vinyl ether was used to protect –OH on glycidol based on a literature reported protocal.59 In a typical procedure, 0.675 mol glycidol and 200 mL ethyl vinyl ether were loaded in a round-bottom flask, to which 1.25 g TsOH was then added. The reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature (RT) for 3h. The resulting mixture was then purified by washing with 100 ml saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO3 for 3 times. The organic layer obtained was dried by MgSO4. After filtration of MgSO4, the excess ethyl vinyl ether was removed by rotary evaporation.…
A possible chemical reason that this experiment yielded less than 100% cyclohexanone was due to the spontaneous decomposition of sodium hypochlorite, 2NaOCl = 2NaCl + O2, which decreased the amount of reactant present in the initial reaction when hypochlorous acid was formed, which was the oxidizing agent required to oxidize cyclohexanol into cyclohexanone. Sodium hypochlorite decomposed into O2 and NaCl due to a multitude of factors such as exposure to high temperatures, prolonged storage time or sunlight exposure. If a large enough quantity of the sodium hypochlorite was decomposed to limit the reaction that produced hypochlorous acid, the quantity of cyclohexanone produced may be affected. This would have resulted in a decrease in the production…
Sterols in plants are almost completely derived from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Acetyl-CoA is dimerized to acetoacetyl-CoA that then forms 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) by a condensation reaction. HMG-CoA is reduced to mevalonic acid by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), a rate-limiting step in human isoprenoid biosynthesis. HMGR over-expression in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in increased levels of total sterols, indicating that HMGR is a limiting enzyme also in plant sterol biosynthesis (Schaller et al., 1995). The next step in sterol synthesis is to form squalene from mevalonic acid, and this is performend by a series of reactions where the final step is catalysed by the squalene synthase enzyme (SQS).…
SAMPLE PREPARATION: Wilcox shale and Pottsville shale samples are tested with the indentation method in this experiment. Both samples are quartz rich and silty shales which contain about 45 to 50% of quartz, 40 to 45% of clays and about 5% of plagioclase. Wilcox shale sample is from Louisiana and formed in upper Cretaceous while Pottsville shale samples are from Alabama and formed in upper Pennsylvanian. These two type of shale rocks are chosen because they are “local” rocks which was abundant and available in the lab, also they have very similar mineralogical compositions.…
Abdullah Al-Suraie April, 5.2015 Class: A Mr. Washington Focus Problem: Does chewing gum help you concentrate more efficiently? Prelab: The independent variable is the gum, and the independent variable is the level of concentration. The control group used no gum.…
Esters are a chemically important pharmaceutical intermediate manufactured through the method of Esterification (ref?). An ester is formed from the catalysed reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol at elevated temperatures. This investigation aimed to synthesis and purify the butyl ethanoate ester through the reflux, isolation and distillation stages of the Esterification between butanol and ethanoic acid. The experiment was conducted in an isolated laboratory, with the reaction between butanol and ethanoic acid occurring at high operating temperature in the presence of a homogenous acid catalyst. The refluxed solution is then cooled to reach the point of supersaturation before 'washing' the mixture with water and other aqueous solvents…
The theoretical yield of acetylsalicylic acid in grams that should be obtained from the synthesis is 3.96 g. The closest experimental yield was obtained without using a catalyst for the reaction; with a yield of 3.67 g (93%) of crude acetylsalicylic acid and a yield of 3.39 g (86%) of recrystallized acetylsalicylic acid. These results are relatively accurate. Similar results were obtained for the experimental yield of the reaction catalysed by concentrated sodium hydroxide; with a yield of 3.38 g (85%) of crude acetylsalicylic acid and a yield of 3.04 g (77%) of recrystallized acetylsalicylic acid. The experimental yield for the reaction catalysed be concentrated sulphuric acid was relatively low; with a yield of 2.66 g (68%) of crude acetylsalicylic…
In this lab, we carried out a variety of reactions using different chemicals and metals. A chemical reaction is when the chemical state of the substance you are testing rearranges its ionic and molecular structure. One of the reactions we experienced was single replacement, this consists of one ion switching places with another ion to form a new compound. Another reaction we saw was double replacement. In this reaction, two compounds ions are switched to form two new compounds.…
The purpose of this lab is to successfully generate a liquid ester product via the process of Fischer Esterification. The Fischer Esterification is a condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to create an ester. The alcohol acts as a nucleophile while the carboxylic acid acts as the elctrophile. This reaction is an acid catalyzed equilibrium reaction. The synthesis is driven to completion by utilizing the Le Chatlier's principle.…
During this lab, I compared the properties of both regular and light margarine, before and after melting. First, we took both of the margarine samples and put them in a hot water bath to melt them. This separated out the components within them- making it easy to measure their percentage value. I found the regular margarine to be made up of 14.5% solids, 64.2% oils, and 21.3% water. Next, I used the same method as before, and found the percentage of each component of the light margarine to consist of .8% solids, 42.9% oils, and 56.3% water.…
Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The general theory behind this experiment was to study the synthesis of a drug from organic materials. During the experiment, esterification had occurred between reactants salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Then, phosphoric acid would catalyze the reaction and water would be added to decompose the remaining acetic anhydride. Through the process of filtration, aspirin crystals were collected and separate from the liquid acetic acid-water solution.…
The synthesis started with the [3+2] cycloaddition between chiral nitrone 128 and allyl cyanide under microwave activation at 110°C in toluene to provide cycloadduct 2 in 96% yield as a single isomer (Scheme 1).The regioselectivity was identical to that observed for diverse terminal alkenes, with attack on the terminal methylene by the electrophilic carbon of the nitrone, presumably due to both steric and electronic reasons.29a-f The stereoselectivity results from the approach of allyl cyanide on the less hindered face of nitrone 1 (opposite to the isopropyl group), the reaction taking place via a transition state placing the cyanomethyl group away of the spirocyclic nitrone according to an exo-approach (Scheme 1). In 1D NOE experiments with…
In the first step, esterification reaction was carried out by adding 15 ml methanol to 100 ml Mahua oil and 0.5ml H2SO4. This reaction period was carried at temperature range between 550c to 600 c with reaction…
A transfer of a proton from one oxygen atom to another yields a second tetrahedral intermediate and converts the OH group into a good leaving group. Loss of a proton and expulsion of H2O regenerates the acid catalyst and gives the ester product. In the presence of H2SO4, NH2 forms a…
However there are other alternative way to enhance the production reaction which are the uses of catalyst or other acid base catalyst. The catalyst that use in this reaction is Sulphuric…