Essay On Rumination

Emotional processing and cognitive function are two main problematic areas in bipolar disorder. The patients with bipolar disorder may not be able to use cognitive functions to arrange and maintain emotional states and indeed, any defect in these functions leads to dysfunction in their processing and emotion regulation. Rumination is one of the cognitive symptoms associated with depression which is common in bipolar disorder. Ruminations affect some cognitive functions and emotional processing. Rumination will disrupt executive functions, autobiographical memory and episodic memory. In line with cognitive dysfunction in all three phases of bipolar disorder, ruminations are present in bipolar patients in all phases of bipolar disorder even at …show more content…
In a study, Fan et al. showed that in patients with bipolar depression, DMN has a greater activity in the areas of middle temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and caudate compared to healthy people. DMN deactivation during cognitive function is important and successful cognitive function in various cognitive domains is associated with lower (less) activity of DMN. In the study of Fernandez, defect in the DMN deactivation was observed in the patients with bipolar depression during cognitive tasks. The studies have shown that CEN and SN act reversely and SN helps to switch between these two networks. Both CEN and SN regulate the DMN function negatively. A study has recently shown that the inhibition of a major node (DLPFC) in CEN by one Hz frequency of rTMS leads to the disinhibition of DMN activity and its stimulation through single pulse TMS leads to the negative relationship of DMN with CEN and SN. DLPFC is a major node in CEN which is associated with cognitive and emotional problems in bipolar patients. DLPFC has dysfunction in both hemispheres in patients with bipolar depression. Metabolism decrease in the DLPFC was reported in some studies, and its increase was reported in some