In cases with planned ERCP, when a considerable localized collection was defined, a radiologically guided drainage was done, while when the collection was large and diffuse, open or laparoscopic drainage was done, either before or after the procedure. For simple bile leak, patients underwent combined endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) plus plastic stent (10F, 9-12 cm), straddling the site of the leak. For patients with bile leak and retained stones, a sphincterotomy, stone removal, and stent insertion was done. For patients with bile leak and duct stricture, dilatation and a plastic stent(s) was done. Repeat ERCP for assessment and stent removal was performed 2-3 months after improvement. Cholangiography was performed to confirm healing and absence
