The effects of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine on different anaerobic bacteria are given in Figure 1.
3.2.1. Change in bacterial gene expression
Important effect of the catecholamines is the change in bacterial gene expression. Saito et al. [29] observed the effect of catecholamines on P. gingivalis virulence factor expression by a microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The addition of norepinephrine resulted in a decrease in P. gingivalis AI-2 production, an increase in expression of 18 genes and a decrease in expression of two genes [29]. Among the up-regulated P. gingivalis genes were those encoding for protease RgpB (ArgX protease and a key P. gingivalis virulence factor), F subunit of the enzyme alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (needed to provide bacterial adaptation to the oxygen stress) and ferritin, while the gene encoding for a polysaccharide biosynthesis-related protein was among the down-regulated genes [29]. The results suggest two likely mechanisms of catecholamine activity on P. gingivalis and possibly other anaerobic species: an increase in the expression of some virulence …show more content…
gingivalis virulence has also been reported by Graziano et al. [35]. They used epinephrine and norepinephrine (100 μM) and P. gingivalis in a rich medium (tryptic soy broth with yeast extract, hemin and menadione) and a poor medium (minimal serum-SAPI medium without or with hemin and menadione) and detected the bacterial growth by absorbance at 660 nm as well as the expression of some P. gingivalis genes by RT-PCR. Catecholamine exposure did not influence P. gingivalis growth, but enhanced its virulence by increasing the expression of genes encoding for hemolytic activity (hem gene), oxidative stress (tpx, dps, oxyR, sodB and aphC genes) and iron acquisition (hmuR gene), [35]. On the other hand, the presence of stress hormones did not change P. gingivalis susceptibility to metronidazole
3.2.1. Change in bacterial gene expression
Important effect of the catecholamines is the change in bacterial gene expression. Saito et al. [29] observed the effect of catecholamines on P. gingivalis virulence factor expression by a microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The addition of norepinephrine resulted in a decrease in P. gingivalis AI-2 production, an increase in expression of 18 genes and a decrease in expression of two genes [29]. Among the up-regulated P. gingivalis genes were those encoding for protease RgpB (ArgX protease and a key P. gingivalis virulence factor), F subunit of the enzyme alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (needed to provide bacterial adaptation to the oxygen stress) and ferritin, while the gene encoding for a polysaccharide biosynthesis-related protein was among the down-regulated genes [29]. The results suggest two likely mechanisms of catecholamine activity on P. gingivalis and possibly other anaerobic species: an increase in the expression of some virulence …show more content…
gingivalis virulence has also been reported by Graziano et al. [35]. They used epinephrine and norepinephrine (100 μM) and P. gingivalis in a rich medium (tryptic soy broth with yeast extract, hemin and menadione) and a poor medium (minimal serum-SAPI medium without or with hemin and menadione) and detected the bacterial growth by absorbance at 660 nm as well as the expression of some P. gingivalis genes by RT-PCR. Catecholamine exposure did not influence P. gingivalis growth, but enhanced its virulence by increasing the expression of genes encoding for hemolytic activity (hem gene), oxidative stress (tpx, dps, oxyR, sodB and aphC genes) and iron acquisition (hmuR gene), [35]. On the other hand, the presence of stress hormones did not change P. gingivalis susceptibility to metronidazole